How to Become a Java Developer: Step-By-Step Guide for 2025

Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist

As the backbone of countless applications, websites, and systems, programming languages form the building blocks that enable professionals to navigate the digital frontier. Among these languages, one stands tall as a key player in the industry—Java. With its features, scalability, and widespread adoption, Java has emerged as the language of choice for multiple applications, ranging from enterprise-level systems to mobile app development.

According to the survey conducted by StackOverflow (2020), Java has been the most commonly used programming language for eight consecutive years. With the increasing use of technology in various industries, including healthcare, companies and businesses are relying on Java developers to lead the way in digital innovation and growth. From creating powerful web applications to designing intricate algorithms, they play a vital role in driving technological advancements and shaping user experiences.

In this guide, we will delve into the fundamental aspects of becoming a Java developer, including the corresponding career path, salary outlook, and required skills in Java development. Our group of experts at Research.com has carefully selected the essential information to help you embark on your career to becoming a successful Java developer.

Java Developers Careers Table of Contents

Why pursue a career in Java development?
Java Development Career Outlook
Required Skills for Java Developers
How to Start Your Career in Java Development
What tools and technologies should Java developers be familiar with?
How can data analytics help advance your Java career?
How can Java developers find jobs?
How can acquiring cybersecurity skills boost my Java development career?
How can I advance my career in Java development?
Alternative Career Options for Java Developers
MBA in Information Technology: A Pathway to Leadership for Java Developers
What other fields can Java developers transition into for career advancement?
How do soft skills and interdisciplinary insights enhance a Java developer’s career?
Can an accelerated master's degree in computer science boost my Java career?
Can combining Java development with cybersecurity expertise drive career success?
Can data science skills complement my Java development career?
Can Java Developers Leverage Artificial Intelligence to Drive Innovation?

Why pursue a career in Java development?

Java is a widely used programming language for creating software frameworks and applications. With its flexible and scalable language, Java makes an excellent choice for creating enterprise software, Android app development, financial systems, and cloud computing.

Jobs in Java programming present endless opportunities for personal and professional growth for Java developers. As a professional, they are eager to constantly learn and stay updated with the latest trends, frameworks, and best practices in the evolving technological landscape. In the survey conducted by StackOverflow (2020), around 75% of the respondents indicated that they learn new technologies either every few months or once a year. This data highlights the significance of continuous learning for developers to keep themselves engaged and up-to-date with the latest developments in the technology industry.

Java Development Career Outlook

The future of a Java development career appears bright and promising, supported by strong industry demand, attractive salary ranges, and the sustained relevance of the programming language. The growing reliance on Java in various sectors, coupled with its compatibility with emerging technologies, ensures abundant opportunities for skilled Java developers.

Java developers enjoy a plethora of job opportunities in various sectors, including finance, healthcare, e-commerce, and technology. The job outlook for software developers, quality assurance analysts, and testers is expected to grow by 25% from 2021 to 2031, faster than the average growth rate for all occupations (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023).

Java developers are in high demand and are paid well above average salaries. The pay range reflects the demand for their skillset and the profitability of the products they develop. The salary of a Java developer depends on several factors, including education, certifications, additional skills, the number of years of experience, and the type of company they work for. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual salary for software developers, like Java, is around $120,730, with the top 10% earning more than $168,570.

Percent change in employment, projected from 2021 to 2031

Software developers, quality assurance analysts, and testers

25%

Software quality assurance analysts and testers

21%

Computer occupations

15%

All occupations

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023

Required Skills for a Java Developer

Java developers are highly sought after because of their technical skills and practical experience. With the increasing demand for skilled Java developers, it is crucial to know the necessary skills to acquire in order to become one.

Essential Skills for Java Developer

Java Framework. Java frameworks provide a structured and standardized approach to building software applications, allowing developers to focus on business logic rather than reinventing the wheel. By leveraging Java frameworks and working with QA engineers, like Java 5 and Core Java 8, developers can benefit from pre-defined components, libraries, and best practices, enabling faster development, reduced code complexity, and improved maintainability. In a study conducted by Tariq, et. al. (2020), Java has the most readable code among all tested programming languages. Hence, programmers are encouraged to know Java in projects that have code readability as a significant quality requirement.
Web development. Web development skills are highly valuable for Java developers due to the increasing prominence of web-based applications and the need to create dynamic and interactive websites. Java has a strong presence in the web development domain, and Java developers with web development skills can leverage the language’s versatility to build robust, scalable, and secure web applications.
Debugging and Troubleshooting. Java developers encounter various challenges and issues during the software development lifecycle, ranging from logical errors and exceptions to performance bottlenecks and compatibility problems. Proficiency in debugging and troubleshooting enables Java developers to efficiently identify, isolate, and resolve these issues, ensuring the smooth operation of the applications they develop.
Database Knowledge. Java developers often need to interact with databases to store, retrieve, and manipulate data. Thus, having a solid understanding of databases allows Java developers to design efficient data models, optimize query performance, ensure data integrity, and build robust and scalable applications.

General Skills for Java Developer

Problem-solving. As applications scale and handle larger datasets, performance issues may arise, such as slow response time and resource-intensive operations. Java developers with problem-solving skills can analyze the application’s performance, identify bottlenecks, and apply optimization techniques. They can optimize algorithms, fine-tune database queries, implement caching mechanisms, or improve resource utilization, ensuring that the application performs efficiently and delivers a seamless user experience.
Time Management. Java developers often work on multiple tasks simultaneously, including coding, debugging, testing, and collaborating with team members. Effective time management enables developers to optimize productivity, ensure project progress, maintain focus, and deliver high-quality software within the given timeframe.
Learning Agility. As a programming language, Java continues to evolve with updates and new features. Therefore, developers with strong learning agility can quickly grasp new concepts, adapt to changing technologies, and continuously enhance their skills, ensuring their ability to deliver high-quality and innovative solutions.

How to Start Your Career in Java Development

Java is renowned for its object-oriented nature, which promotes modular code and reusable components. If you are considering starting a career in Java development, there are various educational paths you can pursue. Our experts at Research.com has created this guide to help you make an informed decision about which route to take.

To begin a career in Java development, it is essential to acquire a solid foundation in programming concepts and principles. An aspiring Java developer can start by learning the basics of programming languages, including variables, data types, control structures, and loops.

Higher education offers a comprehensive degree program curriculum that equips an aspiring Java developer with a solid understanding of algorithms, data structures, software engineering principles, and computer architecture. Furthermore, the learning experience from an online programming degree can foster personal growth, critical thinking, and problem-solving abilities. It provides opportunities to explore various areas of computer science beyond Java, which may open doors to diverse career paths in the future. Your experience might also prompt you to discover how to become a computer hardware engineer.

What can I do with an Associate’s Degree in Java Development?

Software Tester

A software tester is a professional who plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of software applications. Their primary responsibility is to ensure the quality, functionality, and reliability of software systems before they are released to end-users. Software testers use various techniques and tools to identify and report bugs, defects, and inconsistencies in the software, aiming to improve its overall performance.

Median Salary: $98,220

Computer Support Specialist

Computer support specialists are entry-level professionals who provide technical assistance and support to computer users within an organization. They play a crucial role in resolving software, hardware, and network issues, ensuring that computer systems and technology infrastructure operate smoothly and efficiently. Computer support specialists may assist users in person, over the phone, or via remote support tools, guiding them through step-by-step instructions to identify and resolve the issues they encounter.

Median Salary: $57,910

What can I do with a Bachelor’s Degree in Java Development?

Java Developer

A Java developer is a software professional specializing in the design, development, and maintenance of applications using the Java programming language. They leverage the language’s object-oriented nature to create a wide range of software, including web applications, mobile apps, enterprise solutions, and more.

Median Salary: $109,020

Web Developer

A web developer specializes in the development and maintenance of websites and web applications. They are skilled in programming languages, frameworks, and technologies that are used to create interactive and functional websites accessible via the Internet. Web developers are responsible for translating the design and functionality requirements of a website into actual code. They work closely with web designers and stakeholders to understand the desired user experience and implement it using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Web developers can also get coding jobs to further expand their skills and experience.

Median Salary: $78,300

Computer Programmer

A computer programmer is a professional who writes, tests, and maintains code that forms the foundation of software applications. They play a fundamental role in translating software design specifications into functional programs that computers can execute. Computer programmers work with programming languages like Java programmer software, C++, Python, and JavaScript, among others, to create software solutions that address specific needs and requirements. Moreover, computer science is a good major for developers with its competitive Java programming salary and job prospects.

Median Salary: $93,000

Can you get a Java Development job with just a certificate?

Obtaining a certificate or attending boot camp demonstrates a level of knowledge and proficiency in Java programming, which can be beneficial when applying for entry-level positions. However, most employers in the industry strongly emphasize practical experience and a solid understanding of fundamental concepts beyond what a certificate alone can provide. As such, one should also consider how long it will take to learn Java to succeed in getting jobs in software development.

Tech-giant companies, such as Google, Apple, and IBM, have recently lifted their bachelor’s degree requirements for job applicants. This shift in hiring policy provides more opportunities for individuals without higher education to pursue a career in the tech industry and get jobs with Java programming. Furthermore, 32% of developers at small companies have not obtained a Bachelor’s degree. On the other hand, 91% of developers in large companies have obtained a Bachelor’s degree or higher. (HackerRank Development Skills Report, 2020)

What tools and technologies should Java developers be familiar with?

To stay competitive in the industry, Java developers should be proficient with various tools and technologies that enhance productivity and streamline development processes. Here are some key tools and technologies to consider:

Integrated Development Environments (IDEs): Familiarity with popular IDEs like IntelliJ IDEA, Eclipse, and NetBeans is essential for writing, testing, and debugging Java code efficiently.
Version Control Systems: Knowledge of Git and platforms like GitHub or GitLab is crucial for managing code versions, collaborating with team members, and tracking project changes.
Build Automation Tools: Tools such as Maven and Gradle help automate project builds, manage dependencies, and streamline the development workflow.
Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD): Experience with tools like Jenkins, CircleCI, or GitHub Actions is valuable for automating testing, integration, and deployment processes.
Frameworks and Libraries: Proficiency in popular Java frameworks like Spring and Hibernate is important for developing scalable web applications and managing data persistence.
Cloud Platforms: Familiarity with cloud services like AWS, Google Cloud, or Azure can be beneficial, especially for deploying and managing Java-based applications in cloud environments.

Mastering these tools can significantly enhance a Java developer's ability to deliver high-quality software efficiently.

How can data analytics help advance your Java career?

With the rapid evolution of the tech landscape, Java developers must not only master programming but also explore related fields that can complement their expertise and open up new career paths. One such field is data analytics, which is increasingly intertwined with software development processes. Understanding data analytics enables Java developers to derive actionable insights from vast datasets, optimize application performance, and craft user-centric solutions that align with current market demands.

Pursuing a data analyst degree can be a strategic move to delve into this promising area. This degree equips professionals with essential skills like statistical analysis, data visualization, and proficiency in analytics tools, setting the stage for dual-domain expertise. Moreover, Java developers with proficiency in data analytics are well-positioned for roles in big data, artificial intelligence, and machine learning, where the demand for cross-functional talent continues to grow.

Expanding into data analytics not only broadens your career potential but also enhances your value in an increasingly data-driven industry. By combining Java development expertise with a strong foundation in data analytics, professionals can become instrumental in transforming how organizations utilize technology and information.

How can Java developers find jobs?

Java developers can find jobs through job boards, networking, and showcasing skills.

Job Boards and Websites: Explore popular job boards like LinkedIn, Indeed, and specialized tech boards like Stack Overflow Jobs. To stay updated, set up job alerts for Java positions.
Networking: Networking is crucial. Attend conferences and workshops, connect with professionals on LinkedIn, and join Java-related groups to engage and learn about job opportunities. Networking often uncovers roles that aren't listed publicly.
Build and Showcase Your Portfolio: A strong portfolio is essential. Use platforms like GitHub to showcase your Java projects. Start building your portfolio early in your career. If you're considering education, it's helpful to explore how much does a computer science degree cost to understand the investment needed for a solid educational foundation. Many Java developers begin with a computer science degree, and understanding the cost of education can give you a better idea of the investment required to develop your skills and build an impressive portfolio.
Prepare for Technical Interviews: Prepare for technical interviews by practicing coding challenges on LeetCode, HackerRank, or CodeSignal. These platforms are often used in interviews, so mastering them gives you an advantage.
Freelance or Contract Work: To gain experience, consider freelancing or contract work. Websites like Upwork and Toptal offer opportunities that can lead to permanent roles.

How can acquiring cybersecurity skills boost my Java development career?

In today's evolving tech environment, cybersecurity proficiency complements a Java developer’s technical expertise by mitigating risks and enhancing application robustness. Integrating secure coding practices with threat assessment and risk management not only fortifies software but also opens avenues in specialized roles where security is paramount. Additionally, targeted certifications and advanced studies—such as what can you do with a masters in cybersecurity—further empower Java professionals to navigate security challenges while advancing into senior, leadership, and cross-disciplinary positions.

Can an accelerated master's degree in computer science boost my Java career?

For Java developers seeking to advance their expertise quickly, an accelerated master's degree in computer science offers a focused pathway to deepening technical knowledge and gaining leadership skills. This intensive program gives professionals the opportunity to master complex topics such as software architecture, systems design, and advanced programming methodologies that are directly applicable to real-world Java projects. By refining strategic problem-solving and critical thinking abilities, developers can increase their value in competitive markets and better align themselves with emerging trends in technology. Consider exploring programs that provide an accelerated master's computer science pathway to efficiently upgrade your career credentials.

Can combining Java development with cybersecurity expertise drive career success?

Expanding your technical repertoire by integrating cybersecurity practices with Java development can open specialized career pathways and bolster your marketability. Embracing cybersecurity not only strengthens coding practices and secure software design but also prepares you for roles where protecting data and systems is paramount. Incorporating risk assessment techniques alongside Java programming promotes a comprehensive approach to developing resilient applications in an ever-changing threat landscape. Consider enhancing your profile by exploring opportunities such as obtaining a cheapest cyber security degree online which can provide practical knowledge and certifications valued across the tech industry.

Can data science skills complement my Java development career?

Leveraging data science expertise can significantly broaden your impact as a Java developer. Mastering statistical analysis, predictive modeling, and data visualization enables you to integrate data-driven insights into robust software solutions. This interdisciplinary approach not only enhances decision-making processes but also opens avenues for roles blending development with analytics. Pursuing programs such as the cheapest online masters in data science degree further refines your ability to innovate in emerging technologies and positions you competitively in the evolving tech landscape.

Can Java Developers Leverage Artificial Intelligence to Drive Innovation?

Java developers can expand their skill set by integrating artificial intelligence technologies into their projects. Leveraging machine learning libraries and frameworks enables the creation of adaptive applications that address emerging market challenges. Developers who complement their Java expertise with AI competencies gain a strategic edge in driving technological innovation. For those looking to further their knowledge, exploring the best affordable online artificial intelligence programs can provide targeted training and enhance career prospects.

How can I advance my career in Java Development?

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2023), software developers held about 1.4 million jobs in 2021. The largest employers of software developers are Computer systems design and related services, with 32%, and Finance and insurance, with 11%. As the profession continues to be in high demand across various industries, it is essential to remain competitive with acquired skills and expertise. If you are looking to take your career to new heights and unlock greater opportunities, pursuing a higher degree in Java development can provide you with a competitive edge.

Taking a higher degree program offers an opportunity to delve deeper into the intricacies of Java development. These advanced degrees enable you to specialize in specific areas of Java, such as web development, mobile app development, enterprise software development, or data science. This expertise not only enhances your technical skills but also increases your value as a professional in the job market. Furthermore, higher education can provide advanced knowledge and skills, as well as access to networking opportunities and job placement services. Masters in computer science without CS undergrad program are also offered for those without a computer science degree.

What can I do with a Master’s in Java Development?

Software Architect

A software architect is a senior-level professional who plays a critical role in the design and planning of software systems. They are responsible for creating the high-level structure and blueprint of a software application or system, defining its overall architecture, and ensuring it aligns with the organization’s technical and business goals. Note that becoming a software architect is different if you want to know more about how to become computer network architect. Software architects possess a deep understanding of software design principles, development methodologies, and industry best practices.

Median Salary: $120,520

Information Security Analyst

Information Security Analysts are professionals who play a vital role in safeguarding an organization’s computer systems, networks, and data from security threats. They are responsible for analyzing, monitoring, and assessing the organization’s security infrastructure to identify vulnerabilities and implement measures to protect against cyberattacks and data breaches. Furthermore, being an information security analyst also caters to what you can do with an information technology degree.

Median Salary: $102,600

What kind of job can I get with a Doctorate in Java Development?

Computer and Information Research Scientist

Computer and information research scientists are skilled professionals who contribute to advancements in computer science and drive innovation in various fields. They conduct research and develop new technologies, theories, and algorithms to solve complex problems and improve computing capabilities. Computer and information research scientists work in both academic and industrial settings. They explore topics such as artificial intelligence, data analysis, computer networking, cryptography, and computer graphics. Their research aims to push the boundaries of what computers can do and develop new ways to use technology for practical applications.

Median Salary: $131,490

Computer and Information Systems Manager

Computer and information systems managers are responsible for planning, coordinating, and overseeing computer-related activities within an organization. They play a crucial role in managing the technology infrastructure, ensuring the efficient and effective use of information systems to support business goals and operations. Computer and information systems managers collaborate with senior management and stakeholders to understand the organization’s technology needs and develop strategic plans for implementing and maintaining information systems. They assess the organization’s current technology infrastructure, identify areas for improvement, and make recommendations for upgrades or investments in new systems.

Median Salary: $159,010

Which certification is best for Java Development?

In today’s competitive job market, having specialized skills and certifications can significantly enhance one’s career prospects. For Java developers looking to further their knowledge and expertise in the field, pursuing a post-graduate certification can be a valuable investment. Here are some of the best post-graduate certifications for Java developers in 2023:

Largest Employers of Software Developers

Computer systems design and related services

32%

Finance and insurance

11%

Software publishers

10%

Manufacturing

Management of companies and enterprises

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023.

Alternative Career Options for a Java Developer

According to DataUSA (n.d.), Computer and Information Sciences and Support Services is the most common major of software developers, with 37%, followed by Engineering with 26.3%. That said, Java developers possess a versatile skill set that goes beyond coding in the Java programming language. While many professionals find immense satisfaction in their roles, Java developers can diversify their skill sets, expand their horizons, and embrace new opportunities in the ever-evolving tech industry by choosing available alternative career options.

What else can a Java Developer Do?

University Professor. Java development is a valuable skill in today’s technological landscape, and universities often seek professors who can effectively teach programming languages and related concepts to their students. While teaching is not a traditional career path for Java developers, the skills and knowledge they gain can be essential in the academe. To become a university professor, one typically needs to possess advanced knowledge in their field of expertise, along with a strong educational background.
Startup Founder. A Java developer has the technical skills and knowledge necessary to lay the foundation for a startup. With their technical expertise, Java developers are well-positioned to create innovative software applications, web platforms, or mobile apps that can disrupt industries or cater to specific market niches.
Industry Influencer. Java developers, with their in-depth knowledge of the programming language and its applications, have the potential to make a significant impact on the Java development community and beyond. Becoming an industry influencer requires a combination of technical proficiency, strong communication skills, and a genuine desire to share knowledge and insights. Java developers can establish themselves as an influencer by actively participating in online communities, such as developer forums, social media groups, and open-source projects.

MBA in Information Technology: A Pathway to Leadership for Java Developers

For Java developers aiming to step into leadership roles or broaden their career horizons, pursuing an MBA in Information Technology can be a transformative decision. This degree blends technical expertise with advanced business knowledge, enabling professionals to tackle complex organizational challenges and drive innovation in the tech industry.

Why Consider an MBA in Information Technology?

Leadership Opportunities: An MBA in IT equips Java developers with the skills to manage teams, oversee large-scale projects, and contribute to strategic decision-making processes.
Enhanced Earnings Potential: According to industry data, professionals with an MBA in IT earn significantly higher salaries compared to their peers with only technical degrees.
Versatility: This degree prepares graduates for diverse roles, including IT project manager, technology consultant, and chief information officer (CIO).

If you're considering pursuing an advanced degree, exploring an affordable online MBA in information technology can help you make a cost-effective choice while gaining the skills needed to excel in IT leadership roles.

What other fields can Java developers transition into for career advancement?

Java developers can transition into various fields, including data science, artificial intelligence, and machine learning, by acquiring additional skills and knowledge. To remain competitive, they can pursue advanced degrees, such as a master's in computer science or a related field. For those interested in artificial intelligence, researching the cheapest online masters in artificial intelligence can provide a cost-effective way to gain specialized knowledge and enhance their career prospects. This can lead to new opportunities and career advancement in the tech industry.

How do soft skills and interdisciplinary insights enhance a Java developer’s career?

In today’s competitive tech industry, cultivating soft skills such as effective communication, teamwork, and problem-solving is essential for Java developers to advance into leadership and specialized roles. Strengthening these skills facilitates smoother collaboration across departments and enables developers to bridge technical insights with business objectives. Furthermore, incorporating interdisciplinary knowledge—such as exploring fields that complement core programming expertise—can significantly boost career prospects. For instance, supplementing Java expertise with studies in areas like artificial intelligence degree empowers professionals to drive innovation and adapt to emerging technologies.

Java Development as a Future-Proof Career

Java has proven to be a versatile programming language with widespread software adoption, serving as the backbone of countless applications and systems. As such, the demand for Java developers remains consistently high, with ample opportunities available in various industries and sectors.

Pursuing a career as a Java developer offers not only job security but also the opportunity for continuous growth and professional development. Thus, considering the market demand and long-term viability, becoming a Java developer is a sound decision that opens doors to a promising career in the world of software development.

Key Insights

Java's Popularity: Java has been a leading programming language for many years, largely due to its versatility and scalability. It is widely used in various industries, including finance, healthcare, e-commerce, and technology.
High Demand and Salaries: Java developers are highly sought after, with a robust job market and competitive salaries. The median annual salary for software developers is around $120,730, with top earners making over $168,570.
Educational Pathways: A strong foundation in computer science and programming is essential. Higher education degrees, such as a bachelor's or master's in computer science, significantly enhance career prospects.
Essential Skills: Key skills for Java developers include proficiency in Java frameworks, web development, debugging, database knowledge, problem-solving, time management, and learning agility.
Career Advancement: Advanced degrees and certifications can propel a Java developer's career, leading to roles such as software architect, information security analyst, or even computer and information research scientist.
Alternative Careers: Java developers can transition into roles such as university professors, startup founders, or industry influencers, leveraging their technical expertise and industry knowledge.

FAQ

What is Java used for in the industry? Java is used for creating a wide range of applications, including enterprise software, Android apps, financial systems, and cloud computing. Its versatility and scalability make it a popular choice across various industries.
What are the educational requirements to become a Java developer? Typically, a bachelor's degree in computer science or a related field is required. Advanced degrees, such as a master's or Ph.D., can provide additional opportunities and higher earning potential. Certifications in Java development are also beneficial.
What are the essential skills for a Java developer? Key skills include proficiency in Java frameworks, web development, debugging, database management, problem-solving, time management, and the ability to learn new technologies quickly.
How much can a Java developer earn? The median annual salary for Java developers is around $120,730. Top earners in the field can make more than $168,570, depending on factors such as experience, education, and location.
What are the career prospects for Java developers? The career outlook for Java developers is strong, with a projected 25% job growth for software developers, quality assurance analysts, and testers from 2021 to 2031. This growth is much faster than the average for all occupations.
Can you get a Java development job with just a certificate? While certificates can help demonstrate proficiency in Java, most employers prefer candidates with a degree in computer science or related fields and practical experience. Some top tech companies have started hiring without a degree requirement, focusing more on skills and experience.
How can I advance my career as a Java developer? Advancing your career can be achieved through higher education, such as a master's or Ph.D. in computer science, gaining specialized certifications, and accumulating practical experience. Pursuing roles with increased responsibilities, like software architect or information security analyst, can also help.
What are some alternative career options for Java developers? Java developers can explore roles such as university professors, startup founders, or industry influencers. Their technical skills and industry knowledge make them suitable for various positions beyond traditional software development.
What are some top certifications for Java developers? Top certifications include Oracle Java Training and Certification, Spring Professional Certification, and others from reputable organizations that validate advanced knowledge and skills in Java development.
What industries employ the most Java developers? Java developers are employed across various industries, with the highest concentrations in computer systems design, finance and insurance, software publishing, manufacturing, and management of companies and enterprises.