Higher Education Careers: 2025 Guide to Career Paths, Options & Salary
Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist
Navigating a career path in higher education can be both exciting and daunting. From job outlook to required skills and entry-level opportunities to advanced degrees, there are myriad questions to address. For instance, which higher education jobs are easiest to get? 2023 data suggests that graduates of higher education degrees might have an easier time starting with part-time, non-exempt jobs, with the highest turnover rate at 22%.
As a career counselor with decades of experience helping professionals achieve their career goals, I’ll help you explore the intricacies of pursuing a higher-education career, providing valuable insights and actionable advice to help you chart your course confidently. Whether you're considering your first steps or aiming to advance your existing career, this comprehensive guide has something for everyone seeking a rewarding journey in academia.
Key things you should know about higher education careers
- The positions in higher education experiencing the most substantial growth are institutional research analyst (161%), head of campus museum (120%), and head of IT service delivery (64%).
- In the 2020-21 academic year, non-instructional employees in higher education management functions received an average median pay of $111,223 for all types of institutions.
- The average pay for office and administrative support occupations in higher education was $45,593.
- 62% of college students believe that critical thinking skills are a top priority for higher education.
- According to 2023 data, the average salary for full-time college faculty was $98,246.
Table of Contents
- Why pursue a career in higher education?
- What is the job outlook for higher education professionals?
- What are the required skills for higher education professionals?
- How do you start your career in higher education?
- Can you get a higher education job with just a certificate?
- How can you advance your career in higher education?
- Which certification is best for higher education?
- How does continuous professional development boost your higher education career?
- What emerging trends are shaping higher education career growth?
- What are the advantages of obtaining a doctoral degree in higher education?
- How quickly can you complete an online teaching degree?
- What are the benefits of pursuing a bachelor of education online degree for higher education careers?
- What are alternative career options for higher education professionals?
- How can online education affordability shape your higher education career?
- How can an advanced degree in library science benefit your higher education career?
- How is the library science job outlook influencing higher education innovation?
- How can data analytics enhance career opportunities in higher education?
- What are the challenges of pursuing a career in higher education?
- Other Things You Need to Know About Higher Education Careers
Here's what graduates have to say about their higher education careers
Studying higher education opened my eyes to the complex yet fascinating world of universities and colleges. It allowed me to understand the challenges and opportunities facing institutions today. Now, as a student affairs professional, I work to create a supportive and inclusive environment for students, helping them navigate their academic journey. It's incredibly rewarding to witness their growth and success. - Fred
My studies in higher education administration gave me a deep appreciation for the intricate systems that keep universities running smoothly. The program equipped me with leadership skills and strategic thinking, which I now utilize as a department chair. It's inspiring to be part of shaping the future of education and ensuring students have access to quality learning experiences. - Charles
Higher education research ignited my passion for exploring how technology can transform learning. My studies exposed me to innovative pedagogical approaches and the potential of online education. Now, as an instructional designer, I develop engaging online courses that reach students across the globe. It's thrilling to be part of a movement that makes education more accessible and impactful. - Julie
Why pursue a career in higher education?
A career in higher education opens opportunities for rewarding jobs in academic affairs, research, professional services, and student affairs, among others. Perhaps, the most significant reward for pursuing a career in higher education will be your ability to influence student outcomes.
There are also a variety of roles classified under higher education careers, including academic posts, research-related posts, administrative posts, and professional services, which encompass IT jobs and other functions. Higher education majors may choose to concentrate on higher education technologies, student development, international education, educational leadership, enrollment management, or community college leadership.
Since every educational institution is also an organization that is composed of different functions that ensure the smooth operations of the school, careers in higher education are also similar to other career paths that bring both extrinsic and intrinsic rewards.
What is the job outlook for higher education professionals?
According to data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, careers in higher education appear to be positive. For instance, postsecondary education administrators can look forward to a job growth of 4% until 2032, translating into approximately 15,200 jobs each year.
Similarly, jobs for postsecondary teachers are expected to grow by 8% until 2032. This means over 118,000 openings are expected for the role each year. This positive job outlook may be the result of increased demand as students continue to enroll in postsecondary institutions.
In my research, I also discovered that, aside from post-secondary educational administrators and teachers, higher education jobs with the highest growth include institutional research analyst (161%) head of campus museum (120%), and head of IT service delivery (64%).
Unlike other careers that have a seasonality element, in the higher education sector, there is always a high demand, which makes it one of the best college majors.
What are the required skills for higher education professionals?
A career in higher education provides a unique opportunity to influence a student’s future. Higher education professionals can teach students various skills that make them ready and adaptable for the world of work. For this reason, the following skills should be embodied by those who want to pursue careers in higher education.
Essential Skills for Higher Education Professionals
Collaboration and networking. The ability to work well with others is a key skill as educational institutions typically work with other organizations and institutions in providing and enhancing the learning experiences of students. In addition, partnerships and collaborations with other schools are essential in improving program offerings.
Ability to communicate with empathy. Unlike with other organizations where relationships are purely business in nature, working in the higher education sector requires a commitment to upholding the welfare of students. Some higher education professionals involved in student affairs even take up online psychology degrees to learn counseling skills.
Teamwork and relationship-building skills. In academic posts and research-related posts, teamwork is essential. The presence of various stakeholders and different departments requires skills that work well with teams. Higher education professionals are expected to have the capacity to form relationships with other institutions for the advancement of practice.
Organizational Skills. In research and teaching, organizational skills are essential. From preparing the instructional materials to delivery and evaluation, organizational skills are important to achieve course objectives. This also applies to the conduct of research and administration. Higher education professionals should be able to identify which is the most important among everyday tasks.
General Skills for Higher Education Professionals
Communication Skills. Both oral and written communication skills are essential in any type of job, but more so in higher education careers. Everyday interactions with various stakeholders will require the ability to communicate clearly. Among employers, 54% agree that communication is among the most important skills college graduates should be able to demonstrate. From coordinating with other teams to delivering important announcements, higher education professionals should be able to communicate clearly. There are available writing degrees online for professionals who want to improve this particular skill.
Critical Thinking Skills. The ability to evaluate situations free of any bias is essential in higher education careers. In every decision process, the welfare of students, as well as of other stakeholders, needs to be considered. A survey by the Bipartisan Policy Center and the Association of Colleges and Universities found that 62% of college students believe critical thinking skills are a top priority for higher education, while 60% of employers consider it very important for workforce success.
Problem-Solving Skills. In roles related to student affairs, you will most likely encounter problems. From financing problems to academic challenges, higher education professionals must assist students in resolving their concerns. This requires strong problem-solving skills. Significant pedagogical transitions require HEIs to adapt and make the necessary changes.
Leadership. For administrators and heads of departments in higher education, leadership is crucial. The ability to lead teams toward a common goal is important. Higher education careers require leadership skills to be able to move forward with courage even in the most challenging times. Higher education professionals typically take online masters in leadership programs for career advancement.
How do you start your career in higher education?
Students keen on pursuing a career in higher education start by taking a two-year associate degree or four-year bachelor’s degree. These typically require a high school degree or a general education (GED) test passing score.
Careers in higher education are classified as professionals, staff, administrators, tenure-track faculty, and non-tenure-track teaching faculty. In the academic year 2020 to 2021, the average pay for office and administrative support occupations is $45,593.
What can I do with an associate’s degree in higher education?
Enrollment Assistant
Enrollment assistants communicate with external and internal customers on application policies. They explain procedures as well as application decisions to student applicants. This role provides assistance to the director of enrollment in managing the enrollment process. Classified under non-instructional employees, enrollment assistants belong to professional higher education employees.
Median salary: $39,048
Executive Assistant
Aside from routine and organizational tasks, the executive assistant of senior school administrators is tasked with checking all reports submitted to the administrator. The executive assistant ensures that all documents are complete for the administrator’s perusal. In addition, the executive assistant serves as the principal administrative contact with all constituents.
Median salary: $48,888
Records Clerk
In higher education, the records clerk ensures that all the documents submitted by the student are properly stored. Aside from processing and maintaining student records, the records clerk also collects related information and performs data entry. The records clerk also distributes copies of student transcripts and registration information.
Median salary: $38,327
What can I do with a bachelor’s degree in higher education?
Study Abroad Program Coordinator
Overseeing the planning, development, implementation, and evaluation of student and faculty needs, the program coordinator assists students and faculties who plan to pursue further studies abroad. They help students and faculty who want to participate in international study programs, including application and securing visas.
Median Salary: $47,239
Student Academic Counseling Head
The student academic counseling head provides counseling to students to help them meet academic and career goals. Among the duties of the student academic counseling head is designing programs for students to address specific needs and promote retention. They also advise students on educational and personal issues, and personal development.
Median Salary: $64,092
Credential Specialist
Maintaining compliance with all regulatory and accrediting institutions is the primary role of the credential specialist. Part of the job of the credential specialist is monitoring staff credentials and licenses and advising staff on renewal procedures, The credential specialist also initiates processes in improving internal credentialing processes.
Median Salary: $ 45,289
Can you get a higher education job with just a certificate?
Yes, there are a lot of higher education jobs that you can get with a certificate. Library certificate programs, bookkeeping, accounting, auditing, and receptionist and customer service are among the programs that you can take to earn a certificate and land an entry-level job in higher education such as office and clerical staff or technical or paraprofessional staff.
How can you advance your career in higher education?
I recommend that you pursue masters and doctorate studies to advance your career in higher education. A bachelor’s degree is required to apply for graduate studies, as you will be asked to submit your college transcript plus, other requirements. In today’s competitive hiring environment, administrative, faculty, and executive positions require graduate degrees and specializations.
Applicants with advanced degrees in education-related programs will most likely land executive-level administrator jobs. Most colleges offer online master’s degree in higher education and doctorate programs. For busy higher education professionals, studying online is a viable option for taking steps toward career advancement.
What can I do with a master’s in higher education?
Head, Campus Teaching Center
The campus teaching center head ensures that learning centers are consistent with the district’s vision, mission, and goals. This role is responsible for curriculum development and oversees the college or university's teaching, learning, and assessment strategy. The campus teaching center head also communicates campus policies to faculty and students.
Median salary: $87,000
Student Affairs Deputy Chief
The student affairs deputy chief is responsible for the operational management and administrative direction of a student affairs unit. This encompasses operations, strategic planning, and administration of functional policies and programs. Representing executive leadership, the student affairs deputy chief oversees the implementation of all projects and initiatives.
Median salary: $93,337
Chief Student Admissions Officer
The chief admissions officer evaluates student applications and provides advice to potential students on admission requirements and options, including transfer, matriculation, and other related issues. This role also includes the development of associated programs and marketing materials.
Median salary: $89,874
What kind of job can I get with a doctorate in higher education?
Dean, Education
What can you do with a PhD in education? This degree is typically one of the requirements to be a university dean. The main role of the dean is to facilitate growth and development, create a positive work and learning environment, and advocate for the interests of the college or the institution. They provide leadership and motivation and facilitate change while effectively managing resources and personnel. This includes managing the ratio of adjunct faculty to full-time faculty, which registered at 74 to 100 in the 2021-2022 academic year for all types of institutions (CUPA-HR, 2022).
Median Salary: $181,595
Chief Campus Administrator
The chief campus administrator oversees the effective and efficient operations of the campus. This role encompasses monitoring and updating campus documents, ensuring that policies are up-to-date and accessible to all stakeholders. Chief campus administrators coordinate all administrative processes and supervise the work of employees in supporting roles.
Median Salary: $133,800
Chief Auxiliary Services Officer
The chief auxiliary services officer ensures that all college events and operations are provided with all the required support services. Maintaining and performing a variety of administrative responsibilities, the chief auxiliary services officer takes care of developing and implementing processes, procedures, and policies to ensure equal access to services.
Median Salary: $117,650
Which certification is best for higher education?
In higher education, certifications aim to provide continuing education by offering a robust set of credentials to demonstrate competencies and knowledge through ongoing work experiences. For the higher education professional, certifications offer opportunities for both personal and professional development and help them remain relevant in the field.
While most higher education careers do not require certification or licensure, there are professional organizations offering certificate programs, such as the National Association for College Admission Counseling for enrollment management, admission, and counseling professionals, the NAFSA Association of International Educators, and the NASPA for student affairs administrators in higher education.
How does continuous professional development boost your higher education career?
Continuous professional development equips higher education professionals with up-to-date skills and knowledge essential for adapting to evolving academic landscapes. It involves engaging in targeted training, specialized certifications, and industry-focused workshops that complement formal degrees. Such initiatives not only foster expertise in emerging technologies and pedagogical trends but also enhance leadership and critical decision-making abilities. Moreover, continuous learning creates opportunities for professional networking and mentorship, paving the way for strategic career advancements. For example, supplementing your education with courses available through accredited online bachelor degree programs can serve as a practical step toward lifelong learning and career resiliency.
What emerging trends are shaping higher education career growth?
Recent shifts in academic environments, including the rapid adoption of digital learning tools and data-driven decision making, are redefining career trajectories in higher education. Increased integration of technology not only enhances curriculum delivery but also prompts institutions to seek professionals with robust digital competencies. Moreover, the growing emphasis on flexible, remote work arrangements and interdisciplinary approaches supports the emergence of roles that bridge traditional academic functions with innovative service models. These trends are particularly relevant for individuals targeting high-paying jobs with a master's in education and advanced leadership positions, as they require a blend of technological savvy and adaptive teaching or administrative strategies to remain competitive in an evolving landscape.
What are the advantages of obtaining a doctoral degree in higher education?
Obtaining a doctoral degree in higher education can have numerous advantages, including increased career prospects, higher salaries, and greater expertise in the field. One of the most significant benefits is the ability to pursue senior administrative or leadership roles, such as a university dean or chief academic officer. Additionally, a doctoral degree can provide a competitive edge in the job market, particularly for those seeking tenure-track positions or roles in academic research. For those interested in advanced degrees, exploring online EdD programs can be a viable option, offering flexibility and accelerated completion times. By pursuing a doctoral degree in higher education, professionals can enhance their knowledge, skills, and career prospects, ultimately contributing to the advancement of the field.
How quickly can you complete an online teaching degree?
Accelerated online teaching programs offer a streamlined pathway that allows professionals to earn their degrees faster without compromising quality. These programs leverage condensed courses, flexible scheduling, and innovative instructional methods to reduce the overall time to completion. Resources such as the accelerated education degree online can help you evaluate program structures, admission criteria, and credit-by-examination opportunities tailored to busy professionals. By strategically engaging with intensive modules and concurrent credit options, educators can expedite their entry into higher education careers while effectively balancing work and personal commitments.
What are the benefits of pursuing a bachelor of education online degree for higher education careers?
A bachelor of education online degree offers unparalleled flexibility and accessibility for those aspiring to build a career in higher education. This degree equips professionals with foundational knowledge in teaching methodologies, curriculum development, and educational leadership while accommodating the demands of working individuals or those with family responsibilities.
One key advantage is that online programs allow students to learn at their own pace, providing an excellent opportunity to balance work, studies, and personal commitments. This adaptability is especially beneficial for higher education careers, where understanding diverse learning environments and innovative teaching methods is critical.
Additionally, online programs often incorporate advanced digital tools, preparing graduates to excel in roles like instructional designers or academic technology specialists, which are increasingly in demand.
For those considering academic careers, this pathway also opens doors to graduate studies. To explore accredited options, visit this guide on bachelor of education online degree, which highlights top programs tailored to your career goals. By pursuing an online bachelor’s degree in education, you can gain the skills and knowledge to thrive in today’s dynamic higher education landscape.
What are alternative career options for higher education professionals?
The role of higher education professionals can be flexible and can readily shift to other sectors as desired. As such, they easily enjoy higher education career options. Both the administrative and faculty positions include a set of skills that can be very useful in other fields, such as property management, human resource management, and even public relations.
In my research, I found the following alternative career options for higher education professionals:
- Training and Development Officer. Typically, training and development officers have a bachelor’s degree in education, social science, psychology, or communications. This is related to higher education careers as these undergraduate degrees take similar paths. These professionals plan and administer programs to improve the skills and knowledge of employees.
- Public Relations Specialists. Creating and maintaining a positive public image is the main task of public relations specialists. This is a very similar role because higher education professionals uphold institutional values and aim to sustain good relationships with all stakeholders. They have interpersonal skills, organizational skills, and are good at problem-solving.
- Administrative and Facilities Managers. Planning, coordinating, and directing a broad range of activities that ensure efficient operations is the main task of the administrative and facilities manager. This role is in charge of identifying and providing the required supplies and services for the organization.
The table below indicates that managers usually have the highest salaries among higher education employees, followed by employees in research positions.
How can online education affordability shape your higher education career?
Affordability is a critical factor when considering an online education program, particularly for those aiming to advance their careers in higher education. By choosing cost-effective degree options, professionals can minimize financial burdens while maximizing the benefits of earning an advanced credential. For instance, obtaining the cheapest online bachelor's degree in education not only equips learners with foundational skills in curriculum development, instructional strategies, and educational leadership but also provides a budget-friendly pathway to entry-level or specialized roles in higher education.
Lower tuition costs do not equate to lesser quality; many affordable programs are designed to meet accreditation standards and provide comprehensive resources, such as mentorship opportunities, networking access, and digital learning tools. These programs make attaining relevant qualifications more accessible, enabling aspiring professionals to gain the technical competencies and theoretical knowledge required to navigate higher education careers successfully.
Moreover, affordability allows graduates to allocate financial resources towards further certifications, graduate degrees, or even professional memberships that strengthen their career prospects. Given the financial pressures faced by many in entry-level higher education roles, prioritizing a low-cost yet effective degree can serve as a strategic first step in achieving long-term career advancement without incurring overwhelming debt.
How can an advanced degree in library science benefit your higher education career?
Pursuing an advanced degree in library science can serve as a strategic asset for higher education professionals seeking to expand their expertise into the realm of information management and digital innovation. This specialized degree focuses on modern research methodologies, data curation, and contemporary archival practices, enabling graduates to contribute effectively to academic libraries and information centers. The integration of library science competencies with higher education administration can enhance decision-making processes in curricular development and digital resource management. For professionals looking to diversify their skill set while maintaining academic leadership roles, obtaining an advanced degree in this niche offers a competitive edge. For cost-effective program options, consider taking the cheapest MLIS degree online.
How is the library science job outlook influencing higher education innovation?
Emerging trends in digital information management are expanding the role of library science in academic settings. Institutions increasingly seek professionals who can integrate technical expertise with innovative resource curation, data analytics, and digital archiving to support research and curriculum development. This shift not only enhances access to evolving digital collections but also drives institutional strategies in research and academic services. Staying updated on a library science job outlook can provide critical insights for aligning your skills with future opportunities in higher education.
fv
The growing integration of data analytics in academic institutions is reshaping career trajectories by enabling evidence-based decision making, enhancing operational efficiency, and informing strategic innovations. Professionals who develop expertise in data analysis can leverage quantitative insights to optimize resource allocation, improve student learning outcomes, and drive institutional reforms. Emphasizing cross-functional technical skills can set you apart in a competitive market where data-driven strategies are becoming central to academic success. To build proficiency in this area, consider exploring the data scientist career path and salary as a complementary skill set that can facilitate transformative change in higher education.
What are the challenges of pursuing a career in higher education?
While careers in higher education offer many rewarding opportunities, it's important to recognize that this field also presents several challenges that prospective professionals should be aware of. These obstacles can vary depending on the specific career path, but a few common challenges include:
Job Market Competition
Higher education, particularly at prestigious institutions, can be highly competitive. Many roles, such as faculty positions, are subject to a rigorous hiring process, with numerous qualified candidates vying for the same job. For instance, tenure-track faculty positions are especially competitive, with limited openings at top-tier universities. As institutions continue to emphasize the importance of research, publishing, and grants, many candidates find themselves needing to balance teaching duties with extensive research demands.
Solution: Prospective faculty members can improve their chances by building a strong portfolio of research, publications, and networking within academic circles. It’s also helpful to specialize in emerging fields or niche subjects where the demand for expertise is growing.
Financial Considerations
While some higher education careers offer lucrative salaries—particularly in senior administrative or leadership roles—many entry-level positions, especially in non-instructional areas like student services or academic support, may not pay as well. For instance, administrative assistant roles or entry-level student affairs positions often have salaries that are below the national average for other industries, making it challenging to balance the cost of living with a starting salary.
Solution: Individuals considering a career in higher education should weigh the financial aspects carefully. Many professionals pursue graduate degrees, such as an online master’s in education, to increase their earning potential and career advancement opportunities. It's also important to explore financial assistance options, such as fellowships, scholarships, or paid internships, to offset educational costs.
Work-Life Balance
Higher education professionals, especially faculty members and administrators, may experience periods of demanding workloads. For example, professors must balance teaching, grading, research, and administrative responsibilities, while university administrators may be required to handle crisis management or strategic planning tasks that require long hours. The pressure to publish research, meet student expectations, and fulfill institutional goals can sometimes lead to burnout.
Solution: Time management and setting realistic goals are key to maintaining a healthy work-life balance. Many higher education professionals also benefit from taking advantage of flexible work arrangements, particularly with the rise of remote or hybrid work models. Additionally, many institutions offer wellness programs designed to help employees manage stress and maintain mental health.
Limited Advancement in Certain Roles
While there are ample opportunities for advancement in higher education, not all roles provide clear upward mobility. For instance, staff positions in certain departments, such as administrative support or maintenance, may have fewer opportunities for promotion without additional qualifications or certifications. In some cases, professionals might have to pursue further education or switch departments to advance.
Solution: Individuals seeking career growth in these roles should consider pursuing additional certifications, skills training, or even a master’s degree to make themselves more competitive for advancement. For example, those interested in transitioning to a leadership role could consider a Master’s in Higher Education Administration or Leadership to qualify for positions with greater responsibility and pay.
Changing Institutional Expectations
The landscape of higher education is continually evolving, with shifts in technology, student demographics, and institutional priorities. Many professionals find themselves having to quickly adapt to new technologies, instructional methods (such as online or hybrid learning), and administrative processes. This can be particularly challenging for those who have been in their roles for a long time or those who are not accustomed to rapid technological advancements.
Solution: Staying current with industry trends, attending conferences, and continuously upskilling (particularly in areas like digital tools for education or data analytics) can help professionals remain adaptable and maintain their competitive edge in a changing environment.
Bureaucracy and Institutional Politics
Higher education institutions, particularly large universities, are often complex organizations with extensive layers of administration. Navigating these layers of bureaucracy and institutional politics can be frustrating for employees trying to implement changes or push new ideas. Decision-making processes may be slow, and efforts to create positive change can sometimes be stalled by departmental silos or a lack of communication between stakeholders.
Solution: Building strong networks within the institution, understanding the organizational structure, and learning the dynamics of institutional governance can help individuals navigate the political landscape more effectively. Professionals who demonstrate patience, diplomacy, and persistence are often able to drive change, even in complex organizational structures.
Other Things You Should Know about Higher Education Careers
What is the highest position in higher education?
The highest position in higher education typically refers to roles such as university president, chancellor, or dean. These positions are often responsible for overseeing the entire institution, setting its strategic direction, managing finances, and representing the university to external stakeholders.
What does a career in higher education look like?
A career in higher education offers diverse opportunities, including roles as faculty members, administrators, and support professionals. Faculty teach, conduct research, and publish scholarly work, while administrators oversee various aspects of university operations. Roles in student affairs and research administration are also common.
What does it mean to work in higher education?
Working in higher education means contributing to the academic mission of a university or college, whether through teaching, research, administration, or support services. It involves engaging with students and faculty to create an environment conducive to learning, discovery, and innovation. Higher education professionals often have a passion for education and a commitment to fostering intellectual growth and academic excellence.
How do you become a tenured professor in academia?
To become a tenured professor in academia, a Ph.D. or terminal degree, teaching experience, and original research are typically required. You will need to secure a tenure-track position, meet tenure criteria through excellence in teaching, research, and service, undergo rigorous tenure review, and if successful, receive tenure. Throughout this career, you will have to maintain academic excellence, pursue professional development, and may advance in academic rank.
How can students develop the skills essential for success in higher education careers?
Students can develop the skills essential for success in higher education careers through a combination of academic coursework, practical experience, and professional development opportunities. Engaging in internships, research projects, and teaching assistantships provides hands-on experience and enhances critical thinking, communication, and organizational skills. Participating in workshops, conferences, and networking events helps build professional connections and stay updated on industry trends. Additionally, seeking mentorship from experienced professionals and actively participating in student organizations or academic societies fosters leadership and teamwork abilities. Continuous learning and self-improvement through online courses, certifications, and reading relevant literature also contribute to skill development in higher education careers.
References:
- Cecil, B.G. and Melidona, D. (2022). 2021 Fall Term Pulse Point Survey of College and University Presidents, Part 3. Acenet.
- College and University Professional Association for Human Resources (2022). Positions and Disciplines with the Greatest Growth and Decline. CUPA-HR.
- College and University Professional Association for Human Resources (2022). Median Ratios for Staff, Faculty, and Students. CUPA-HR.
- National Center for Education Statistics (2022). Undergraduate Enrollment. NCES.
- The Chronicle of Higher Education (2022). How Much Has Noninstructional-Employee Pay Changed Over Time? The Chronicle of Higher Education.
