Best Public Financial Management Systems for 2025

One of the most crucial aspects of public administration is financial management. To ensure proper use of public funds across all sectors, government organizations must follow a set of rules, policies, and processes, from revenue collection and debt management to monitoring public expenditures. As part of core public sector software solutions, the best public financial management systems help ensure efficient allocation of resources, fiscal responsibility, sound operational planning, and the timely implementation of projects. 

Without proper financial management, government organizations run the risk of succumbing to frequent budget failures, cost overruns, and lengthy delays in the deployment of public services. According to a report by the United States Government Accountability Office, government-wide improper payments alone reached $175 billion in the fiscal year 2019.

Ultimately, the goal of public financial management systems is to address these issues and provide accurate and reliable information that can be used by policymakers and government employees. Through the widespread adoption of public financial management system software, government organizations can easily make informed decisions and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their financial operations. In this article, we’ll discuss what is a financial management system and share with you some of the best financial reporting software available in the marketplace today.

All over the world, government organizations are constantly struggling with increasing constraints on their financial resources. On top of that, there is the ever-present concern about mismanagement of funds, lack of financial transparency from the government, and prevalence of corruption.

According to the U.S. Government Accountability Office, serious financial management weaknesses have been identified in various government sectors. In the fiscal year 2020, improper payments from individual agencies totaled $206 billion, up from $175 billion in the previous year (U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2020). As such, efforts to improve the transparency and efficiency of government-wide accounting and federal financial management are underway to resolve these issues.

To best understand the state of financial management in various government departments, let’s take a look at some of the latest reports and statistics from credible sources on government finances.

Government Budget Statistics

Ideally, government organizations aim for a balanced budget, where government spending and taxes are on an equal footing. A budget deficit usually occurs when the government spends more money than it receives in taxes for a given year. On the other hand, if the government underspends the money it receives in taxes, a budget surplus takes place.

In 2009, the U.S. government experienced its largest budget deficit, with the federal government spending $1.4 trillion more than what it had in tax dollars (Pressbooks, 2020). This was due to the economic crisis in 2008 that was shortly followed by the Great Recession. As a result of the global economic downturn, world financial markets, banking, and real estate industries were devastated, leading to millions of people losing their life savings, their jobs, and their homes.

Since then, a new period of financial regulation in the United States transpired, with the federal government assuming greater control of state-wide finances and implementing various consumer protection measures designed to safeguard investments. With stronger financial regulations in place, stable prices and economic growth became more feasible. This also enabled the U.S. government to monitor the operations of holding companies and protect banking, financial markets, and consumers from all sorts of financial fraud.

Let’s take a look at some key statistics surrounding government budgets and financial regulations:

• The level of federal government spending and taxes typically fluctuates between 18% and 22% of the entire GDP of the United States. (Pressbooks, 2020)
• $305 billion is the estimated interest on the national debt in 2022. (The Balance, 2020)
• In the fiscal year 2022, the federal government is expecting to receive $4.174 trillion in total revenue. (The Balance, 2020)
• Income taxes contribute nearly 49% or $2.039 trillion, of total receipts. (The Balance, 2020)
• In 2022, the budget deficit is estimated at $1.837 trillion. (The Balance, 2020)
• The federal budget in 2022 is estimated at $5.8 trillion. (US Government Spending, 2022)

Government Spending Statistics

Government spending typically covers a wide range of services provided by the state, local, and federal governments. In 2022, current affairs and international events, such as the continuing effort to fight the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war, are offering a glimpse at how the administration expects to spend money for the current year and in the following years to come. Here are some of the latest statistics on government spending in 2022:

• Mandatory spending is budgeted at $4.018 trillion in the total federal budget for the year 2022. (The Balance, 2020)
• Discretionary spending is forecast to reach $1.688 trillion in the year 2022. (The Balance, 2020)
• Government spending for the Department of Health and Human Services is estimated at $1.6 trillion, or 27.8% of its federal budget. (USA Spending, 2022)
• For the Department of Defense, the government spent $929 billion, or 16.1% of its federal budget. (USA Spending, 2022)
• The government spent $904 billion, or 15.7%, of its federal budget on Social Security Administration.

Financial Management in Government Statistics

Since the enactment of the Chief Financial Officers Act in 1990, which gave the United States Office of Management and Budget the authority and responsibility for modernizing the government’s financial management systems and improving the overall federal financial performance, government organizations have made significant progress in reforming and improving their financial management.

Challenges remain, however, when it comes to achieving the overall effectiveness of government-wide financial management. Take a look below at some of the most relevant reports and statistics on the effectiveness of financial management in government organizations.

• In the fiscal year 2020, the Department of Defense, which accounted for about 18% of federal net costs, identified nearly $3 billion worth of materials that could potentially be reused. (U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2020)
• Over $1.2 trillion was obligated by the federal government to grants and cooperative agreements. (Bureau of the Fiscal Service, 2022)
• Since the fiscal year 2018, some government agencies were reporting more than $100 million in monetary loss. (Bureau of the Fiscal Service, 2022)
• Due to the CFO Act, the federal government prevented billions of dollars from being lost due to fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement. (U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2020)
• Government agencies are taking steps to use government-wide providers for certain agency functions and improve financial management systems. (U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2020)

Integrating construction management software with public financial management systems can streamline project delivery by aligning financial oversight with real-time project data. This integration supports accurate forecasting, risk mitigation, and transparent resource allocation, essential for managing large-scale infrastructure developments. Bridging these systems facilitates efficient tracking of costs, timelines, and compliance, ensuring that fiscal decisions are closely linked to operational progress. For example, leveraging insights from the best construction management software can lead to improved coordination between project execution teams and financial planners, ultimately reinforcing accountability and enhancing the successful delivery of public projects.

Why Public Financial Management Systems Are Important

In 2020, taxes represented the largest source of general revenue, which totaled $1.1 trillion and accounting for 45.8% of the state government’s general revenue sources (Census.gov, 2021). Thus, it has become more imperative for government organizations to efficiently manage their finances and allocate tax funds to the essential services and infrastructure for public services and the welfare of the citizens.

To tackle public financial management challenges, government organizations are widely adopting modern tools and systems to ensure accountability and efficiency in the use of government accounting software. With a well-functioning public financial management system, at times combined with accounting software for small business, government agencies can effectively manage their cash flows and maximize returns on existing investments. Government finance software systems, which carry the key functionalities of some of the best invoicing software systems, are particularly relevant to local government units as they need to allocate public funds to reinforce wider societal shifts, stronger states, and balanced economical growth.

In this sense, government organizations are taking advantage of disruptive technologies and innovations in the public sector accounting software systems. Today, there are tremendous opportunities to implementing such tools, including more accurate financial documentation and improved visibility of financial transactions. The following sections outline some examples of the best budget management system available today.

How can public financial management systems support digital transformation efforts?

• Enhanced data accessibility and transparency: Public financial management systems allow government organizations to centralize and digitize financial data, making it easily accessible for stakeholders. This transparency helps build public trust and enables faster, data-driven decision-making.
• Automating routine processes: By automating financial tasks such as reporting, invoicing, and compliance checks, these systems streamline workflows. Automation reduces human error, boosts productivity, and lets staff focus on more strategic initiatives.
• Integration with other digital tools: Financial management platforms often integrate with other government systems, such as procurement or human resources software, creating a unified digital ecosystem. This interconnectedness supports seamless information sharing and comprehensive insights.
• Supporting remote and hybrid work: With cloud-based financial management systems, government employees can securely access and manage financial data from any location. This flexibility supports remote work setups, especially critical during disruptions like the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Predictive insights through advanced analytics: Many systems offer analytics tools that allow organizations to predict budget trends, assess potential risks, and proactively allocate resources.

List of Best Public Financial Management Systems for 2025

1. Freebalance Accountability Suite: The First Global Government Resource Planning Solution

Freebalance Accountability Suite is among the best automated financial management systems today. This government resource planning platform designed exclusively to help government organizations manage expenditures and critical government fiscal systems. It supports public financial management reform and modernization by providing government organizations with the essential tools they need to manage tax dollars more effectively. The solution is also built with modules for core government accounting functions, as well as budget controls, fixed asset management, cash books, and inventory management.

Key Features

• Core public financials
• Budget controls
• Budget transfer requests
• Fleet management
• Inventory management
• Sub-ledgers
• Purchase management

Pricing

• By quote

2. Oracle Government Cloud: Modern and Cost-Effective Government Platform

Next to our best money management software roster is Oracle Government Cloud. It helps government organizations to streamline financial management and deliver online services to their constituents more efficiently. It provides federal civilian agencies, the intelligence community, and the U.S. Department of Defense with the complete tools they need to efficiently migrate and manage financial management tasks in the cloud.

Additionally, Oracle Government Cloud is known for its world-class security and compliance and consistently high performance, making it one of the most reliable public financial management systems in the marketplace.

Key Features

• Compliance management
• Identity and access management
• Tagging
• Audit capabilities
• Data security

Pricing

• Quote-based

3. SAP for Public Sector: Innovative Government Platform

Specifically built as accounting software for government agencies worldwide, SAP for Public Sector is one of the leading platforms for cloud computing, enterprise mobility, and analytics. It helps government agencies around the world to improve their performance, services, and accountability. It also offers a wide range of budgeting and planning tools for public sectors, enabling government agencies to implement the best practices for budget and financial excellence.

Key Features

• Budget development
• Budget formulation
• Budget books
• Workflow automation
• Real-time budget reporting and analysis
• Personnel expenditure planning (PEP)
• Budget forms
• Budget request

Pricing

• Quote-based

4. OneGovERP: For Optimized Government ERP Implementation

Designed exclusively to meet the needs of the public sector, OneGovERP is the best financial management software in terms of helping government agencies accomplish projects on time and on budget. It is built with an accounting tool that allows government organizations to streamline their core accounting, budgeting, financial planning, payroll, and human resource services. The solution is highly configurable and user-friendly, enabling governments and municipalities to maximize their time and resources while staying compliant with the U.S. and Latin American accounting laws.

Key Features

• Financial data management
• Bank reconciliation
• Core accounting
• Financial planning
• Budgeting
• Workflow automation

Pricing

• Quote-based

5. Open Window: Public Financial Management Software for Local Governments

Open Window is a cloud based financial management software that allows government organizations to manage their financial and accounting data more effectively. It provides a plethora of tools to help local governments follow industry standards and remain compliant with state and local legislation. It is also built with a number of accounting functionalities, such as general ledger, AP management, invoicing, and bank reconciliation.

Key Features

• Revenue tracking
• Expense management
• Invoicing
• Journal entries
• Account balance tracking
• Advanced financial reporting
• Vendor management
• Budget planning

Pricing

• Quote-based

6. New World ERP: All-in-One Public Administration Platform

New World ERP is an ERP financial management system that provides tools for core government functions, including tax collections, utility billing, asset maintenance, appraisal, and financial management. It enables government organizations to streamline financial-related processes, eliminate departmental data silos, and reduce errors due to manual data entry. It integrates core financial applications with revenue management, human resources, and tax billing. With its multi-fund accounting system, the solution allows local governments to simplify accounting operations and gain insights into core operational functions.

Key Features

• ERP capabilities
• Tax management
• Utility billing
• Financial management
• Multi-fund accounting
• Revenue management

Pricing

• Quote-based

7. Blackbaud Financial Edge NXT: Accounting Software for Government and Nonprofit Organizations

Blackbaud Financial Edge NXT is a cloud finance management software purposely built to meet the unique needs of nonprofits and government entities. With its robust set of features and capabilities, the solution enables organizations to manage financial reporting, support fundraising efforts, monitor program performance and success, and ensure overall integrity and accountability. Blackbaud Financial Edge NXT also offers managerial accounting tools that provide actionable insights and help decision-makers make data-driven decisions for their organization.

Key Features

• Comprehensive fund accounting
• Financial reporting
• Grant and project accounting
• Multi-scenario budgeting
• Fundraising
• CRM capabilities

Pricing

• Quote-based

8. CenterPoint Fund Accounting: Robust Accounting Software for Municipalities

CenterPoint Fund Accounting is a local government ERP built specifically for municipals with small to medium size populations that need to streamline financial management processes. It offers a variety of accounting features and allows organizations to simplify complex budgeting and financial reporting process. It also has a purchase order module that enables local municipalities to manage purchases and requisitions, from monitoring orders to managing accounts payable transactions.

Key Features

• In-depth fund accounting
• Purchase order module
• Utility billing
• Integrated payroll
• AP management
• Budget and variance reporting
• Funds and grants tracking
• Departmental reporting

Pricing

• Quote-based

9. Pro Fund Accounting: Municipal Accounting Software

Pro Fund Accounting is an accounting software for public sector built to improve financial transparency and efficiency in government organizations. It provides all the essential tools that state and local governments need to become more efficient and more financially transparent. Like top-tier payroll software for small business, it is equipped with budgeting tools that allow government organizations to keep track of monthly or annual spending updates and achieve a higher level of transparency in their budget process.

Key Features

• General ledger
• Payroll processing
• Accounts receivable
• Accounts payable
• Fixed assets
• Budgeting
• Inventory
• Call logging

Pricing

• Quote-based

10. AccuFund Accounting Suite: Accounting Software for Nonprofits and Governments

AccuFund Accounting Suite is a powerful financial management system that offers a wide assortment of modules to help nonprofits and government organizations modernize and simplify financial-related processes. From utility billing, grants management, fees, and taxes and licenses to human resource and payroll management, the solution brings together all the essential tools that local governments need to demonstrate financial prudence and local accountability. It also comes with robust reporting features to help organizations to meet internal and external requirements in various formats.

Key Features

• Tax management
• Utility billing
• Payroll management
• Grants management
• Expense tracking

Pricing

• Quote-based

11. CentralSquare Finance: Cloud-Based Public Financial Management Software

CentralSquare Finance is a cloud-based financial software with complete tools for managing every aspect of public financial management. It streamlines financial-related processes and automates routine transactions, such as purchase orders and requisitions. The solution is also equipped with revenue and expense tracking tools, enabling government organizations to manage the financial health of their organizations and improve their cash flows.

Key Features

• Workflow automation
• Analytics and reporting
• Real-time revenue and cost information
• Configurable workspaces
• Utility billing

Pricing

• Quote-based

12. Accounting +Plus: Increasing Accountability for Public Sectors

Accounting +Plus is a fund accounting software built for government organizations. It is loaded with financial management features and capabilities that enable public sectors to have more control and a better understanding of their financial health. The solution also has a wide range of budgetary and planning tools that provide organizations with accurate revenue and expenditure forecasts to increase their efficiency and accountability.

Key Features

• Financial management
• Payroll
• Human resource management
• Billing
• Revenue tracking
• Business intelligence

Pricing

• Quote-based

13. Edmunds Local Government Finance: For Specialized Accounting Needs

Edmunds Local Government Finance is a municipal financial management system that helps organizations to automate routine processes, unify financial data across functional areas, and gain access to meaningful insights. It is a highly capable accounting solution purposely built to handle the specialized accounting needs of municipalities. It also provides customizable visualization tools such as charts of accounts, unlimited funds, and single-source entry, enabling government organizations to optimize and efficiently manage their fund accounting.

Key Features

• Expense tracking
• Approval workflows
• Financial reporting
• Real-time financial data
• Analytics
• KPIs
• Interactive dashboards

Pricing

• Quote-based

14. ClearGov: Industry-Leading Budget Cycle Management Software

With a clear goal to help local governments streamline their annual budgeting processes, ClearGov is a leading budget cycle management software used by members of the public sector in all aspects of their budgeting processes. The software enables department heads to collaborate more efficiently by providing powerful visualizations and keeping all conversations well documented. In addition, it provides operational budgeting tools that allow government units to create and manage their operational budgets more efficiently.

Key Features

• Capital budgeting
• Operational budgeting
• Personnel budgeting
• Digital budget book
• Financial transparency

Pricing

• Quote-based

15. Localgov: Innovative Accountability Software

Localgov is a tax collection and accountability software built to boost taxpayer confidence and the local revenue of government organizations. It is an innovative, simple, and streamlined system that allows local governments to automate tax collections, manage expenses, and provide financial reports and forecasts. The tax planning software also offers a self-service portal that lets taxpayers log in and manage their taxes online.

Key Features

• Tax management
• Tax law compliance
• One-on-one customer service and support
• Tax spend tracking
• Action alerts
• Sales, use and occupation tax analytics
• Benchmarking
• Property tax
• Utility tax
• Multi-jurisdictional exemption management

Pricing

• Quote-based

16. Municipal Finance Systems

Municipal Finance Systems is an all-in-one public financial management software that provides a plethora of tools to help municipalities become more efficient and organized in their finances. From AP and AR management to interest allocation, project accounting, cash receipting, and more, the software offers user-friendly features and a standardized interface across all of its modules, which result in a shorter learning curve for organizations adopting the system. The software also offers utility management, payroll and HR, licensing, permitting, and tax management tools that allow municipalities to improve their operations and achieve higher reporting standards.

Key Features

• Asset management
• Project accounting
• Materials management
• Interest allocation
• Cash receipting
• Check on demand
• General ledger
• Interest allocation

Pricing

• Quote-based

17. MAGICQ Cloud Platform: Simple, Easy-to-Use Public Administration Platform

MAGICQ Cloud Platform is a public administration platform built to reduce complexities surrounding public financial management. Used by government organizations, the software offers a suite of banking, accounting, billing, and government procurement tools designed to meet financial and statutory compliance requirements. It also comes with service management features that help government agencies support a high level of responsiveness to internal and external requests.

Key Features

• Budgeting
• Financial reporting
• Analytics
• Payroll
• Human resource management
• Accounting
• Banking
• Billing
• Procurement

Pricing

• Quote-based

18. e-PBT: Modernized Financial Management System for Local Governments

e-PBT is a modern and responsive financial software that brings a range of reporting, performance, and productivity benefits to local authorities and their constituents. The solution offers unique features and capabilities specifically designed for local governments, such as infringements and inspections, utilities and waste billing, planning and development, and so much more. Built on a corporate enterprise information system approach, e-PBT unifies financial data, eliminates errors, and drives efficiencies for local governments.

Key Features

• AR and AP management
• General ledger
• Bank reconciliation
• Inventory
• Procurement
• Contract management

Pricing

• Quote-based

19. Light4

Light4 is an end-to-end accounting solution ideal for government-contracted projects and commercial enterprises. It ensures the financial health of organizations with its built-in bank reconciliation capabilities, real-time reports, and up-to-date financial statements. The solution also offers numerous cost accounting functionalities, allowing local governments to access and manage key financial data. It also helps department units to calculate overhead, administrative, and material costs to ensure the profitability of their organization.

Key Features

• Real-time financial statements
• Financial reports
• Tax compliance
• Cost accounting
• Expense tracking
• Budgeting
• Payroll
• Invoicing

Pricing

• Quote-based

20. Pulse: Business Process Management Software Built for Governments

Pulse is a sophisticated business process management platform ideal for government agencies that need to streamline many aspects of their day-to-day operations, including public financial management. The platform comes with an audit module designed to meet audit plan management requirements. It provides a range of tools to help government agencies implement checks and balances across your organization, improve accountability, and comply with law enforcement and legislative and statutory requirements.

Key Features

• Financial planning and reporting
• Performance reporting
• Risk mitigation
• Compliance tools
• Project management
• Auditing capabilities

Pricing

• Quote-based

There are plenty of public financial management systems that public organizations can choose from,  each one offering unique capabilities that can improve accountability, transparency, and financial reporting for your organization. In choosing from among the best public financial management systems for your agency, consider the needs of your organization and make sure that your chosen system can easily meet your specific demands and requirements.

Public financial management plays a vital role in managing public expenditures, so it is equally important to implement an accountable system that can help your organization deliver services more effectively and equitably. To know more about other government software products that can help your organization streamline day-to-day tasks, you can also check out our guide to the top government solutions today.

Beyond public financial handling, governments also have to deal with the nitty-gritty affairs on the streets and community neighborhoods. For those, governments rely on the best code enforcement software to keep the peace.

How Inventory Management Systems Drive Efficiency in Public Financial Management

Effective inventory management plays a vital role in enhancing government financial performance. By optimizing resource allocation, minimizing waste, and improving accountability, inventory management systems help government agencies ensure that taxpayer money is utilized effectively.

These systems allow organizations to track assets in real-time, preventing issues such as overstocking or stockouts. For instance, in sectors like healthcare, having accurate data on medical supplies ensures that resources are available when needed while avoiding costly over-ordering. Similarly, in defense, tracking equipment and materials reduces losses and supports cost-effective operations.

Moreover, inventory management tools integrate seamlessly with financial management platforms to provide comprehensive visibility into spending patterns. This interconnected approach supports strategic decision-making, ensuring resources align with budget priorities.

To explore top solutions for efficient resource allocation, check out this list of the best inventory management software. These tools are not only applicable to private businesses but also hold immense potential for transforming public sector operations.

Incorporating such technologies into public financial systems empowers governments to meet their accountability goals while fostering trust among stakeholders.

Key Insights

• Importance of Public Financial Management (PFM) Systems: PFM systems are crucial for government organizations to manage public funds effectively, ensuring proper allocation of resources, fiscal responsibility, and timely project implementation. These systems help prevent budget failures, cost overruns, and delays in public services.
• Impact of Mismanagement: Mismanagement of public funds can lead to significant financial losses. For instance, improper payments across government agencies totaled $206 billion in the fiscal year 2020, highlighting the need for improved financial management practices.
• Benefits of PFM Systems: Implementing PFM systems provides accurate and reliable information for policymakers, enhances transparency, ensures accountability, and improves overall financial operations. These systems also facilitate better decision-making and efficient financial management.
• Key Features of PFM Systems: Essential features include budget controls, financial reporting, compliance management, audit capabilities, expense tracking, and workflow automation. These features help streamline financial processes and enhance the efficiency of government operations.
• Top PFM Systems: Leading PFM systems such as Freebalance Accountability Suite, Oracle Government Cloud, SAP for Public Sector, and Blackbaud Financial Edge NXT offer comprehensive tools for government financial management, including budget development, real-time reporting, and compliance management.

FAQs

1. What is a public financial management (PFM) system? A public financial management system is a software solution designed to help government organizations manage public funds efficiently. It includes tools for budgeting, financial reporting, compliance management, expense tracking, and workflow automation to ensure fiscal responsibility and effective allocation of resources.
2. Why are PFM systems important for government organizations? PFM systems are important because they help government organizations manage public funds properly, prevent budget failures and cost overruns, ensure timely implementation of projects, and enhance transparency and accountability in financial operations.
3. What are the common features of PFM systems? Common features of PFM systems include budget controls, financial reporting, compliance management, audit capabilities, expense tracking, workflow automation, revenue tracking, and vendor management. These features help streamline financial processes and improve the efficiency of government operations.
4. How do PFM systems improve financial transparency and accountability? PFM systems improve financial transparency and accountability by providing accurate and reliable financial information, enabling real-time reporting and analysis, ensuring compliance with financial regulations, and facilitating audit processes. These systems help government organizations maintain clear and transparent financial records.
5. Can PFM systems help prevent financial mismanagement? Yes, PFM systems can help prevent financial mismanagement by providing tools for accurate budgeting, financial tracking, and reporting. They ensure that all financial transactions are properly documented and monitored, reducing the risk of fraud, waste, and abuse.
6. What are some of the top PFM systems available in the market? Some of the top PFM systems available in the market include Freebalance Accountability Suite, Oracle Government Cloud, SAP for Public Sector, OneGovERP, Open Window, New World ERP, and Blackbaud Financial Edge NXT. These systems offer comprehensive tools for managing public finances effectively.
7. How do PFM systems support compliance with financial regulations? PFM systems support compliance with financial regulations by providing tools for audit capabilities, compliance management, and financial reporting. They ensure that all financial activities are conducted according to established rules and policies, helping government organizations meet legal and regulatory requirements.
8. What are the benefits of using cloud-based PFM systems? Cloud-based PFM systems offer benefits such as real-time access to financial data, improved scalability, reduced IT infrastructure costs, enhanced data security, and the ability to integrate with other cloud-based applications. These systems provide greater flexibility and efficiency in managing public finances.
9. How do PFM systems help in budget planning and management? PFM systems help in budget planning and management by providing tools for budget development, formulation, and real-time reporting. They enable government organizations to create accurate budget forecasts, track expenditures, and ensure that funds are allocated according to planned budgets.
10. What factors should be considered when choosing a PFM system for a government organization? When choosing a PFM system for a government organization, factors to consider include the specific needs of the organization, the system's features and capabilities, ease of use, scalability, integration with existing systems, compliance with financial regulations, and cost-effectiveness.

References

• Bureau of the Fiscal Service. (2022). Financial Report of the United States Government Management. https://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/reports-statements/financial-report/financial-management.html
• Census.gov. (2021). Annual Survey of State Government Finances Summary: 2020. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2020/econ/g20-asfin.pdf
• Pressbooks. (2020). 30.1 Government Spending Principles of Economics. https://opentextbc.ca/principlesofeconomics/chapter/30-1-government-spending/
• The Balance. (2022, June 25). U.S. Federal Budget Breakdown. https://www.thebalance.com/u-s-federal-budget-breakdown.
• U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2020, August 6). Federal Financial Management: Substantial Progress Made since Enactment of the 1990 CFO Act; Refinements Would Yield Added Benefits. U.S. GAO. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-20-566?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=watchblog
• US Government Spending. (2022). US Federal Budget FY23 Charts Charts. https://usgovernmentspending.com/budget_chart_estimate
• USA Spending. (2022). USAspending.gov. https://www.usaspending.gov/explorer/agency