Master of Engineering vs Master of Science in Engineering: Explaining the Difference for 2025

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Engineering is a field driven by innovation, and earning a graduate degree can help you stay ahead in an evolving profession. One pathway into this field is the Master of Engineering, where you will learn how to apply advanced engineering principles to solve real-world problems. MEng or ME holders often work in applied engineering, systems design, or technical leadership roles.

Another option is to take up a Master of Science in Engineering, where you focus more on research, theory, and scientific exploration. MSE graduates are likelier to be involved in research and product development or continue to a PhD program.

Graduates from both programs are qualified to take on advanced engineering roles, but their day-to-day responsibilities can vary. Moreover, both are respected degrees, but the right choice depends on what kind of work you want to do and how you prefer to learn.

In this guide, we will explore how these two degrees compare in structure and purpose. We will discuss admission criteria, tuition costs, salary potential, and job prospects to help you determine which graduate degree aligns best with your goals.

Key Things You Should Know About Master of Engineering vs Master of Science in Engineering

Both MEng and MS in Engineering programs offer a wide range of specialization options, such as mechanical, electrical, civil, or aerospace engineering, but the depth and structure of those specializations can differ.
Engineering graduates typically earn competitive salaries. In 2024, the median annual wage of engineering jobs was $97,310, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Some ME programs are designed for working professionals and may be more flexible with prerequisites. MS in Engineering programs may have stricter academic requirements, especially for students entering a research track.

What is a Master of Engineering?
What is a Master of Science in Engineering?
What are the admission requirements for a Master of Engineering vs MS in Engineering program?
How long does it take to complete an MEng vs an MSE program?
What is the average cost of a Master of Engineering vs a Master of Science in Engineering program?
What engineering specializations are available in an MEng vs an MSE program?
How do emerging digital trends impact engineering career prospects?
Are Online Engineering Programs as Credible as Traditional Ones?
Can integrating interdisciplinary online specializations enhance engineering careers?
What skills do Master of Engineering vs Master of Science in Engineering graduates need?
Where do graduates of MEng vs MSE programs work?
How are emerging cybersecurity trends integrated into MEng and MSE programs?
What jobs can you get with an MEng vs an MSE?
Which is right for you: Master of Engineering vs Master of Science in Engineering?
Other Things You Should Know About Master of Engineering vs Master of Science in Engineering

What is a Master of Engineering?

A Master of Engineering is a professionally focused graduate degree designed to prepare students for leadership roles in engineering practice. Unlike research-intensive degrees, the MEng emphasizes practical applications, technical management, and advanced problem-solving in real-world contexts. Most programs are course-based and may include a capstone project or internship instead of a thesis.

This degree is ideal for students who not only want to deepen their technical expertise but also wish to gain project management, systems integration, and communication skills. Sectors like manufacturing, energy, aerospace, or technology, including some of the highest paying engineering fields where practical knowledge and leadership are in high demand, employ MEng graduates.

Lastly, unlike a Master of Science in Engineering program, MEng programs often follow a more structured curriculum with fewer elective or research requirements, allowing students to complete their studies more quickly. This makes the MEng a strong choice for professionals who want to advance their careers without committing to a research thesis.

What is a Master of Science in Engineering?

A Master of Science in Engineering is a research-oriented graduate degree that focuses on the scientific and theoretical foundations of engineering. This program is ideal for students interested in exploring the “why” behind engineering problems and who may want to contribute to the development of new technologies or systems. Most MSE programs require a thesis or significant research project, although some offer a non-thesis option with additional coursework.

Because it provides a solid foundation in analytical thinking, experimental methods, and advanced mathematics, graduates often pursue roles in academia or research labs. For instance, those interested in emerging technologies may find that this degree aligns well with the machine learning engineer career path, where a strong understanding of data, algorithms, and systems design is critical.

Compared to a Master of Engineering program, MS in Engineering programs include opportunities to work closely with other faculty members on funded research, publish in scholarly journals, and present at academic conferences. This makes it a strong stepping stone toward doctoral studies or innovation-driven careers that require deep technical expertise.

The National Center for Education Statistics reports that in the 2021–22 academic year, U.S. institutions awarded 42,997 master’s degrees in engineering. This means that science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields accounted for 16% of all master’s degrees granted during that period. Despite this, interest in engineering careers remains limited. In fact, one U.K. survey (Stonehaven, 2023) found that 66% of respondents had never considered pursuing a job in engineering.

What are the admission requirements for a Master of Engineering vs MS in Engineering program?

The admission requirements for both the Master of Engineering and MSE programs are quite similar, with slight differences depending on the institution. Below are the most common requirements:

Academic Background: Both degrees typically require a bachelor’s in engineering from an ABET-accredited program, or a closely related field, such as computer science, physics, or mathematics. However, Master of Science in Engineering programs may be more selective about academic alignment and are more likely to require specific prerequisite coursework in calculus, linear algebra, or thermodynamics.
Transcripts: Together with a bachelor’s degree, you must submit the official transcripts from all previously attended institutions. These transcripts provide a record of your academic performance and are used to verify that you have met prerequisite coursework and GPA requirements.
Minimum GPA: A 3.0 GPA on a 4.0 scale is standard for most programs. However, MSE programs may place greater emphasis on GPA, particularly in math, science, and engineering courses, because of the research-oriented nature of the curriculum. Additionally, competitive schools may be more stringent with the GPA requirements.
GRE Scores: At many institutions, submitting GRE scores is optional. However, because graduate engineering programs often include several high-level courses, applicants with a lower GPA may be required to submit GRE scores to demonstrate their academic readiness.
Letters of Recommendation: Two to three letters of recommendation from academic mentors, research supervisors, engineering managers, or project leads are also standard requirements for both programs. These letters provide insight into the applicant’s technical abilities, work ethic, and potential for success in the program.
Statement of Purpose: A clear and focused personal statement is essential for both degrees. Students should emphasize their academic goals, skills, experience, and intent for pursuing a graduate degree.
Work Experience and Resume/CV: Some institutions may require a minimum of one year of professional experience, along with the applicant’s resume. MEng program candidates are often expected to demonstrate hands-on industry experience, technical proficiency, and a clear motivation for pursuing a practice-oriented degree.

Lastly, applicants must submit a complete application packet and pay the necessary application fees to move forward in the admissions process. Submitting all materials by the deadline is essential to strengthen your application and prevent delays in review.

How long does it take to complete an MEng vs an MSE program?

The time it takes to complete either degree program depends on several factors, including enrollment status, program structure, and delivery format. Both programs usually contain 30 to 45 units. Because the Master of Engineering is a professional degree program, it caters to students looking for a quicker, more practice-oriented path into the workforce. Most full-time MEng students complete the program in one to one and a half years.

Meanwhile, Master of Science in Engineering programs usually last two to three years due to the extensive requirements of the research or thesis components. Some schools also offer accelerated programs that combine a bachelor’s degree with an MS in Engineering program spanning four or five years. For part-time students, both degree types can take two to five years to complete. Many working professionals choose this route to balance their studies with job responsibilities.

Lastly, online options can also influence time to completion. Online MEng programs are often designed for maximum flexibility, allowing students to complete coursework at their own pace. Online MSE programs exist as well, but students should carefully review research requirements and faculty availability when considering remote learning. Ultimately, your schedule, goals, and preferred learning style will shape how long it takes to earn your degree.

Are you thinking of a career as an educator before pursuing your master's degree? First, know the difference between elementary and secondary education so you can decide which age group you want to focus on.

What is the average cost of a Master of Engineering vs a Master of Science in Engineering program?

The cost of an engineering graduate program varies widely depending on the school, location, and program format. In many cases, the tuition of a Master of Engineering program is slightly higher than that of an MS in Engineering program.

However, Master of Science in Engineering students may also face additional costs if they choose to complete research projects or theses, which may require specialized equipment or lab fees. In general, public universities tend to have lower tuition rates for in-state students, while private universities or out-of-state applicants face higher costs.

According to a College Board report (Ma et al., 2024), the cost of master’s degree programs during the 2024-25 academic year in public four-year institutions was $9,560 and $31,930 in private non-profit institutions. Additionally, the cost per credit hour at these institutions generally falls between $300 and $1,500, with top-tier schools often exceeding the higher end of that range. Overall, students should expect a total cost of between $20,000 to $60,000.

Fortunately, many institutions offer financial aid through assistantships, fellowships, grants, and scholarships to help offset costs. Some working students may also be eligible for employer-sponsored tuition reimbursement programs, which can help reduce the financial burden of graduate education. Understanding the tuition structure and exploring available financial aid resources can help students make informed decisions about funding their graduate education.

What engineering specializations are available in an MEng vs an MSE program?

Both MEng and Master of Science in Engineering programs offer a variety of specializations to suit different career goals. While MEng programs tend to focus on professional and applied aspects of engineering, MSE programs are more research-oriented and often dive deeper into theoretical aspects. The following are the most common areas of specialization for each degree type:

Master of Engineering in Aerospace Engineering: This specialization focuses on the design, development, and maintenance of aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, and related systems. MEng students in aerospace engineering typically study aerodynamics, propulsion systems, avionics, and control systems.
MEng in Artificial Intelligence: This equips students with the tools and techniques to design intelligent systems capable of learning, reasoning, and decision-making. Topics commonly covered include machine learning, data analytics, natural language processing, and AI ethics, with a focus on solving real-world engineering problems through intelligent automation.
MEng in Project Management: This specialization prepares engineers to lead complex engineering projects by developing skills in accounting, resource allocation, and team coordination. Students learn project lifecycle management, risk assessment, communications, project scheduling, and decision-making frameworks tailored to technical environments.
Master of Science (MS) in Environmental Engineering: This specialization centers on the scientific and technical principles used to develop sustainable solutions to environmental challenges. Students explore sustainable energy systems, water quality process engineering, engineering economics and finance, and even microbiology. The environmental engineer career path often appeals to those who want to apply engineering expertise to improve public health or protect natural resources.
MS in Chemical Engineering: The chemical engineering specialization focuses on the transformation of raw materials into useful products through chemical, biological, and physical processes. MSE students in this field typically engage in advanced research in reaction engineering, process design, thermodynamics, and materials science.
MS in Electrical Engineering: In this track, students delve into the design and development of electrical systems, including circuits, telecommunications, and power systems. Graduates often engage in research or development roles within technology companies, academic institutions, or industries focusing on energy and electronics.

Most of these engineering specializations offer strong earning potential, with average salaries in the U.S. often surpassing $100,000 per year. Therefore, both MEng and MSE tracks position graduates for financial security and long-term career growth across high-demand industries.

In the chart below, I have visualized the average incomes of the different engineer types for your reference.

How do emerging digital trends impact engineering career prospects?

In today’s fast-evolving technological landscape, engineering professionals must adapt to innovations such as automation, artificial intelligence, and digital transformation. Graduates who combine their specialized engineering knowledge with proficiency in digital tools are increasingly positioned to address complex challenges and drive industry advancements. For instance, supplementing technical expertise with skills acquired through information technology online schools can enhance problem-solving capabilities and foster a more agile approach to project management. This integration not only broadens career opportunities but also improves overall competitiveness in emerging markets.

Are Online Engineering Programs as Credible as Traditional Ones?

Advances in digital education have enabled accredited institutions to deliver online engineering programs that reflect the rigor of traditional, on-campus experiences. These programs frequently integrate state-of-the-art tools, real-world project simulations, and collaborative learning environments to meet industry standards. For instance, specialized fields such as game development leverage innovative curricula and interactive platforms to foster both technical acumen and creative problem-solving. Evaluations by independent bodies and industry feedback indicate that many online courses, when accredited and properly structured, offer outcomes comparable to their traditional counterparts. Moreover, this flexible learning model supports working professionals seeking to balance career advancement with continuous education, while still ensuring robust academic and practical competencies. Explore insights into such specialized programs by visiting the best online game development schools.

Can integrating interdisciplinary online specializations enhance engineering careers?

Engineering professionals increasingly leverage interdisciplinary specializations to complement their core technical expertise. Supplementing traditional MEng or MSE curricula with targeted online courses can provide additional analytical tools and innovative problem-solving approaches that are essential in today’s digital economy. For example, pursuing programs like masters bioinformatics online helps graduates diversify their skill sets, adapt to emerging technologies, and open doors to niche fields that align with evolving industry demands.

What skills do Master of Engineering vs Master of Science in Engineering graduates need?

Graduates from Master of Engineering and MS in Engineering programs develop a broad set of skills, but the emphasis varies depending on the program’s focus. Below are essential skills cultivated in either program.

Common Skills:

Advanced Problem Solving: Both MEng and Master of Science in Engineering students are trained to tackle complex engineering problems using mathematical modeling, simulation tools, and domain-specific knowledge. The ability to analyze and troubleshoot technical issues is crucial across all industries.
Communication: Engineering professionals must clearly convey technical ideas to diverse audiences, including stakeholders and non-experts. Both MEng and MSE students develop strong written and verbal communication skills through reports, presentations, and collaborative projects.
Innovation and Adaptability: With rapidly evolving technology, engineers must think creatively and adjust to new tools, systems, or constraints. Both degree tracks foster a mindset that embraces change and encourages forward-thinking solutions.
Teamwork and Collaboration: Engineering work often takes place in interdisciplinary teams, requiring cooperation, shared responsibility, and mutual respect. Both MEng and MSE students refine their ability to collaborate effectively in team-based projects and labs.

MEng Skills:

Project Management: MEng programs often emphasize leadership, budgeting, scheduling, and systems integration, skills essential for managing large-scale engineering projects. Students learn how to coordinate cross-functional teams and communicate results to technical and non-technical stakeholders. This makes them well-suited for supervisory or managerial roles in engineering firms. What does a project management specialist do? Check out our article on the topic.
Computer Programming: Strong programming proficiency in languages is commonly emphasized in MEng curricula. This enables students to automate tasks, develop applications, and support engineering projects with robust code.
Software Design: MEng students often take courses in software architecture and user-centered design, particularly in fields overlapping with cyber security vs computer science. These skills prepare graduates to build scalable, secure, and efficient software systems for technical industries.

MSE Skills:

Research and Experimental Design: MSE programs emphasize designing and conducting experiments that test hypotheses and explore new technologies. Students learn to plan methodologically sound research, control variables, and analyze results with scientific rigor.
Scientific Documentation: Clear and precise documentation is essential in engineering research, and MSE students are trained to write technical reports, journal articles, and research papers. These documents ensure that experiments can be replicated and findings can be communicated effectively.
Statistical Analysis: MSE students use advanced statistical methods to interpret data, model systems, and evaluate outcomes. This skill is critical for research and for making data-driven engineering decisions.

As the demand for skilled engineers continues to rise, both MEng and MSE graduates play a critical role in addressing the industry's talent shortage. A 2024 Jellyfish report found that 60% of engineering managers struggle to find qualified candidates, highlighting the urgent need for professionals with both technical proficiency and strong interpersonal skills. By developing these key capabilities, graduates can help fill critical roles and push innovation forward across a range of sectors.

Where do graduates of MEng vs MSE programs work?

Graduates of MEng and Master of Science in Engineering programs pursue rewarding careers across a variety of industries. MEng graduates tend to enter leadership and implementation roles in engineering projects, while MSE graduates are more likely to engage in technical research, product development, or academic careers.

Master of Engineering Industries:

Aerospace and Aviation: MEng graduates in this industry help design, test, and optimize aircraft, satellites, and propulsion systems. They often work with multidisciplinary teams to improve flight safety, fuel efficiency, and aerodynamics. Their work supports both commercial aviation and defense projects.
Data Science: MEng graduates apply engineering principles to collect, process, and analyze large datasets. They build machine learning models, develop data pipelines, and help organizations make informed decisions. Additionally, exploring the top-rated data science bootcamps can complement their skill set by providing practical, industry-focused tools training.
Cybersecurity: They design secure systems and develop tools to prevent cyber threats. They may work on encryption protocols, threat modeling, or secure software architecture. Their goal is to protect digital infrastructure in industries like finance, defense, and healthcare.
Energy Resources: MEng graduates in energy resources focus on the practical application of engineering to design, implement, and manage energy systems. They often work on projects involving renewable energy technologies, grid integration, and energy efficiency improvements in industrial settings.

Master of Science in Engineering Industries:

Academia and Education: MSE graduates in academia pursue teaching, curriculum development, or doctoral studies. They may also conduct research and publish scholarly work in scientific journals. Their expertise helps prepare the next generation of engineers.
Research and Development: In R&D, MSE professionals conduct experiments, prototype new technologies, and contribute to scientific innovation. They often work in labs or tech firms focused on materials, energy, or systems engineering. Their findings support long-term technological advancement.
Healthcare: MSE graduates in healthcare may work on medical devices, biomedical research, or healthcare analytics. They use engineering skills to improve diagnostics, patient monitoring, and treatment systems. Their work directly impacts patient care and medical innovation.
Computational Intelligence: In this field, MSE professionals design algorithms and models that mimic human learning and decision-making. Their work supports AI applications in areas such as robotics, finance, and image recognition. It requires strong research, mathematics, and coding expertise.

Ultimately, both degrees provide flexible pathways into dynamic industries. Whether you’re drawn to technical research, large-scale implementation, or interdisciplinary innovation, your graduate degree in engineering can open doors to a wide range of fulfilling careers.

How are emerging cybersecurity trends integrated into MEng and MSE programs?

Graduate engineering programs are increasingly embedding cybersecurity modules within their curricula to address the growing need for secure and resilient systems. In professional MEng tracks, this involves hands-on training in securing industrial control systems, evaluating project vulnerabilities, and managing risk in digital infrastructures. In contrast, research-focused MSE programs emphasize theoretical frameworks and computational methods to enhance threat detection and cryptography. Both approaches offer opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration, ensuring that graduates are prepared to tackle advanced security challenges in complex technological environments. These initiatives complement traditional engineering studies by providing a foundation akin to associate degree cyber security careers.

What jobs can you get with an MEng vs an MSE?

Many Master of Engineering jobs may overlap with MSE careers, and it does not mean that a graduate of one program cannot necessarily gain a position in the other’s field. Rather, each degree tends to align more closely with particular career paths based on its focus and structure.

In general, MEng graduates often pursue applied, industry-focused roles, while Master of Science in Engineering candidates enter research-intensive positions or specialized technical roles in cutting-edge fields. Here is a short list of common roles:

MEng Roles:

Project Engineers: They oversee the planning, design, and execution of engineering projects, often acting as a liaison between technical teams and clients. MEng graduates are well-suited for this role due to their exposure to systems integration and project management coursework.
Mechanical Engineers: They design, develop, and improve mechanical systems used in industries such as manufacturing, energy, automotive, and aerospace. They apply advanced engineering principles to solve real-world problems, often working on product development, system optimization, or process automation.
Systems Engineers: They design and manage complex engineering systems in aerospace, defense, and energy industries. MEng graduates bring a broad systems-level view that supports large-scale implementation projects.
Manufacturing Engineers: They focus on optimizing production processes, improving product quality, and increasing efficiency. They frequently work with automation and lean manufacturing systems.

MSE Roles:

Research Engineers: They conduct experimental studies and prototype new technologies in academic or corporate research labs. MSE graduates bring the analytical rigor and research experience needed to design experiments and interpret complex data.
Data Scientists: They apply advanced statistical methods and machine learning to solve complex problems in business, healthcare, and tech. MSE graduates with strong programming and data modeling skills are well-suited for this rapidly growing field. These skills are very helpful for those who want to go into business analytics. Check out business analytics degree salary.
Process Engineers: They focus on optimizing and scaling industrial processes, particularly in chemical, pharmaceutical, and energy industries. MSE graduates excel in this field due to their deep understanding of thermodynamics and process modeling.
Software Engineers: They develop, test, and maintain software systems, often working on algorithm design and optimization. MSE graduates in computer engineering or related fields may find themselves navigating the nuances of software developer vs software engineer roles.

Both degrees open doors to rewarding careers tailored to your interests and strengths, and carefully considering your long-term goals can help you decide which path is the right fit.

Data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics show that engineering careers are in high demand, with industrial and mechanical engineers taking the lead. Even with high demands, a report showed that one in three engineering roles is unfilled annually through 2030 (Kodey et al., 2023). This underscores the critical need for skilled talent in the field.

In the chart below, I have illustrated the job growth for engineers between 2023 and 2033.

Which is right for you: Master of Engineering vs Master of Science in Engineering?

Deciding between an MEng and a Master of Science in Engineering program is no different from choosing between a masters in accounting vs CPA. The answer depends on your career aspirations, academic interests, and preferred learning format. Both degrees can help you advance in the engineering field, but they differ in focus, structure, and outcomes. Here is a recap of how they compare:

Similarities:

Strong STEM background is typically required
High-level coursework in advanced engineering principles
Various specialization tracks are available
Both lead to lucrative jobs

Differences:

Practice-focused (MEng) vs research-focused (MSE)
Shorter vs longer time to degree completion
Industry leadership vs academic pathways
Flexible pacing vs concentrated pacing for research

The Master of Engineering is for you if you:

Want to lead engineering teams, manage projects, or develop products using applied technical skills
Are more interested in hands-on learning and real-world problem solving
Prefer a shorter, more structured program

The MSE is for you if you:

Are interested in deep technical expertise, research, or pursuing a Ph.D.
Enjoy exploring the scientific principles behind engineering systems and data analysis
Are comfortable with independent research and want to contribute to technological innovation or academic knowledge

No matter which path you choose, both degrees offer strong foundations for a successful engineering career. The key is selecting the one that aligns with your professional goals, learning preferences, and the type of work that excites you most.

However, aspiring engineers should also be aware of the challenges they may face within the industry. Key concerns such as work-life balance, ongoing professional development, hybrid work schedules, and adapting to technological advancements are prevalent.

Additionally, issues of diversity and inclusion continue to be a challenge. The Society of Women Engineers reported (2022) that women represent only a small portion of the workforce, with 32% of environmental engineers being women. Other types of engineers fall below this percentage. Moreover, the STEM workforce in the U.S. remains predominantly White, with underrepresentation from Hispanic, Black, and Indigenous groups.

Addressing these disparities requires proactive efforts from organizations and educational institutions to foster inclusive environments, enhance recruitment efforts, and provide equal opportunities for professional growth. By doing so, they can help create a more equitable and thriving engineering industry that attracts and retains top talent from all backgrounds.

This chart displays the share of women in engineering fields.

Key Findings

In 2021–22, U.S. institutions awarded 42,997 master’s degrees in engineering.
One U.K. survey found that 66% of respondents had never considered pursuing a job in engineering.
One in three engineering roles is unfilled each year through 2030.
Engineering careers are in high demand, with industrial (12.2%) and mechanical (11%) engineers taking the lead. However, 60% of engineering managers cannot find qualified candidates in the job market.
Women represent only a small portion of the workforce, with 32% of environmental engineers being women.

Other Things You Should Know About Master of Engineering vs Master of Science in Engineering

Is a master of science in engineering worth it?

Yes, a Master of Science in Engineering can be worth it if you are aiming for advanced technical roles, research positions, or a future in academia. This degree offers deep theoretical knowledge, research experience, and a competitive edge in specialized fields. It may also lead to higher salaries and greater job security. However, its value depends on your career goals, industry demands, and whether you plan to pursue a PhD or remain in research-intensive environments.

Can MEng apply for PhD?

Yes, MEng graduates can apply for PhD programs, especially if they have demonstrated strong academic performance and research potential. While many PhD programs prefer applicants with a thesis-based MS degree, some accept MEng students, particularly if they have relevant work experience or have completed research through internships or capstone projects. Admission may also depend on the specific field of study and how well the applicant’s background aligns with the research interests of potential advisors.

Is MEng a professional degree?

Yes, the Master of Engineering (MEng) is classified as a professional degree. It is designed for students who want to advance their careers in industry rather than academia. MEng programs focus on practical applications, project management, leadership, and systems design, rather than academic research. Most MEng degrees are non-thesis and emphasize coursework, internships, or capstone projects that reflect real-world engineering challenges, making them ideal for working professionals or those aiming for leadership roles in technical fields.

Can you be an engineer with a master's degree?

Yes, you can be an engineer with a master’s degree. In fact, a master’s degree can open doors to more specialized roles, leadership positions, and higher salaries. Both MEng and MSE graduates are well-qualified for advanced positions in design, research, development, or management. However, you will still need an undergraduate degree in engineering and possibly a Professional Engineering (PE) license, depending on your specific job and location.

References:

Jellyfish. (2024). 2024 State of Engineering Management. https://pages.jellyfish.co/rs/916-BAA-391/images/Jellyfish_2024_State%20of%20Engineering_eBook.pdf
Kodey, A., Bedard, J., Nipper, J., Post, N., Lovett, S., & Negreros, A. (2023, December 13). The US Needs More Engineers. What’s the Solution? Boston Consulting Group. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2023/addressing-the-engineering-talent-shortage
Ma, J., Pender, M., & Oster, M. (2024). Trends in College Pricing and Student Aid 2024. https://research.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/Trends-in-College-Pricing-and-Student-Aid-2024-ADA.pdf
National Center for Education Statistics. (2023). Master's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by field of study: Selected academic years, 1970-71 through 2021-22. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d23/tables/dt23_323.10.asp
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (202). Architecture and Engineering Occupations [Interactive data]. May 2024 OEWS Profiles, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) Profiles. Retrieved May 5, 2025, from https://data.bls.gov/oesprofile
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2025, April 18). Occupational projections, 2023–33, and worker characteristics, 2023 (Numbers in thousands). Employment Projections. https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm