What Can You Do with a Physics Degree? Jobs, Salary & Career for 2025

by Imed Bouchrika, Phd

Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist

Share

Pursuing a degree in physics requires dedication, passion, and hard work. Obtaining such an advanced qualification is no mean feat; it takes determination to excel at the highest level of scientific study. The degree includes majors that are equally challenging. A student has to have not only diligence but natural talent and interest in their studies. But once you finish your degree in physics, you can explore a variety of fields for your career.

If you are asking, “What can I do with a physics degree aside from being a physicist, astronomer, and scientist?",  you are not alone. Many physics majors have made their way into other industries, especially tech. While a career in the field of physics and astronomy can guarantee professional and financial stability, there is also a broad array of alternative physics degree jobs that can be as fulfilling without the prestigious professional descriptions.

We have done the legwork and in this article, we’ll discuss what career opportunities await those who finished a physics degree, the financial packages tied to specific careers, and substantial statistics for insight, among many others.

Physics Degree Table of Contents

1. What is physics degree?
2. Key Physics Degree Statistics
3. What are the requirements to study physics?
4. How much does it cost to study physics?
5. The Best Universities to Study Physics for 2025
6. Possible Careers for Physics Majors
7. How much do physics majors earn?
8. How does a physics degree compare to other disciplines in career preparation?
9. Can a physics degree open doors to real estate and property development careers?
10. Is an online physics degree a practical and affordable option?
11. Can a physics degree enhance business leadership skills?
12. Can you fast-track your physics degree?
13. How can you leverage a physics degree in interdisciplinary fields?
14. How Can Internships and Research Opportunities Accelerate a Physics Career?
15. How Can an Accelerated Bachelor's Degree Enhance Your Physics Career Prospects?
16. Emerging Trends and Future Opportunities for Physics Majors
17. Famous People Who Studied Physics
18. Are non-doctorate degrees in physics worth it?
19. What certifications can further amplify a physics degree?

What is physics degree? 

Derived from the Greek word physikos, physics is defined by Oxford Dictionary as “the branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy" (Lexico, n.d.). Similarly, Science Daily (2020) defines this body of knowledge as “the science of matter and its motion," and as an experimental science, it aims to achieve the goal of analyzing and understanding the natural world and universal phenomena.

As a degree, physics encompasses a broad range of studies from subatomic particles to black holes and the overall structure of the universe (WorldWideLearn Editors, 2015). It is a broad and ancient field of science that is also considered its cornerstone as it provides a basis for other branches of science, including chemistry, biology, etc. According to Williams (2018), physics is often considered as “an excellent introduction to science" because it immerses the students not only to the laws governing the world around them, but also—through the problems students solve—provides them with a way of thinking which is conducive to solving problems outside of physics and even outside of science (Williams, 2018).

Historically, physics is divided into two broad categories, namely classical and modern physics. Classical physics covers the studies conducted from the Renaissance period through the Enlightenment and until around 1900. The fields of studies developed during this period include acoustics or the study of sound and sound waves, astronomy, meteorology, electromagnetism, optics, thermodynamics, and others.

Modern physics, on the other hand, “embraces the atom and its component parts, relativity and the interaction of high speeds, cosmology and space exploration, and mesoscopic physics, those pieces of the universe that fall in size between nanometers and micrometers" (Jones, 2019). Under modern physics are astrophysics, atomic physics, biophysics, cosmology, molecular physics, nuclear physics, quantum mechanics, relativity, and others. Physics can also be categorized as experimental and theoretical with the former being the practical application of physics and the latter dealing with the establishment of “overarching laws as to how the universe works" (Jones, 2019).

Key Physics Degree Statistics

1. There were 8,122 physics bachelor’s degrees conferred in the class of 2015, an 8% increase from the previous year and a 123% increase from the recent low in 1999. The bachelor’s class of 2015 represents yet another all-time high (Nicholson & Mulvey, 2016)
2. Around 3,200 students were enrolled as first-year students in physics graduate programs in the U.S. for 2018-19 academic year (Mulvey, et al., 2019).
3. 1 in 7 physics bachelor’s degree holders will choose to complete PhD in physics (Bailey, 2015).
4. The United States holds 94 Nobel Prize in physics, which makes the U.S. the country with the highest number of this award.

1. In 2018, there were 8,946 physics bachelor’s degree conferred, as well as 935 exiting masters and 1,914 PhDs in the U.S. (Nicholson & Mulvey, 2019, p. 1).
2. There are 84 departments that grant astronomy bachelor’s degrees in the U.S. (Tyler et al., 2020).
3. 241 first-year graduate students were enrolled in graduate astronomy programs in the U.S. during the 2018-19 academic year (Mulvey, et al, 2019).
4. 60% of physics majors who pursued postgraduate degrees a year after graduation would choose physics or astronomy programs; 19% would choose engineering; the remaining 21% would choose other areas of focus such as mathematics, education, liberal arts studies, law, medicine, and more (American Institute of Physics, 2020).
5. 47% of PhD in physics graduates were employed in the private sector followed by four-year colleges (Bailey, 2015).
6. Since the 2000s until 2019, the overall percentage of non-U.S. citizens enrolling in physics programs in the U.S. has remained at more than 40% (Mulvey, et al., 2019).

What are the requirements to study physics?

Postsecondary physics studies offer four levels of qualifications. Also, typically, what type of degree you have determines what jobs can you get with a physics degree. Those in research positions usually need doctorate degrees. Below are types of physics degree programs and their typical requirements:

1. Associate degree. Although the majority of physics professions require at least a bachelor’s degree, an associate’s degree in physics helps students fulfill the general academic requirements in bachelor’s degree programs including introductory lectures in astronomy, chemistry, biology, etc., as well as some complementary laboratory course works (Academic Courses, n.d.; Study.com, 2020).  As an associate’s degree is a two-year program, a student is required to have a high school diploma or GED, as well as science coursework (Study.com, 2020). Get insights on how much is an associate degree before you apply.
2. Bachelor’s degree. As a four-year undergraduate program, a bachelor’s of science degree in physics paves the way for career opportunities and postgraduate education. For those who would like to apply for this degree, general requirements include a high school diploma or GED certificate; applicants must also have passed general math and science courses (Study.com, 2020).
3. Master’s degree. Pursuing a master’s degree in physics is ideal for those who desire to become professional scientists. This advanced program also normally takes two years to complete and requires an undergraduate degree and passing Graduate Record Examinations (G.R.E.) and Physics GRE Subject Test scores for those who plan to receive their master’s degree in North America (Study.com).
4. PhD. A doctoral degree in physics is the final stepping stone in launching a career as a professional scientist. Although a master’s degree is not required to qualify, an applicant must meet a certain grade point average (G.P.A.) to be accepted. PhD in physics can take four to five years to complete the 90 credits of course work, which cover classroom studies, research, and laboratory works to complete a dissertation.

How much does it cost to study physics?

The cost of undergraduate physics vary depending on the institution and tuition fees can get as low as more or less $7,200 for in-state colleges and $14,900 for out-of-state institutions (AS Staff, 2020). According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), the average cost of undergraduate education in the U.S. for the school year 2018-19 ranged from $10,950 for public two-year institutions and $20,598 for public four-year institutions, including total tuition, other fees, room, and board. Private nonprofit and for-profit institutions cost an average of $28,627 for a two-year program and $44,662 for a four-year undergraduate program (NCES, 2019). Title IV schools offer financial aid for post-secondary education and can be a good place to start if you’re looking for affordable universities to study physics.

For master’s degree, the cost varies depending on the institution, the area of concentration, and other institution-specific considerations. A two-year master of science in physics degree can cost nearly $9,000 at California State University in Fullerton, more than $15,000 at California State University in Fresno, and can go as high as more than $20,000 at the University of Toledo in Ohio (Masters Portal, n.d.). Meanwhile, PhD programs can be completed at no cost as the majority of doctorate programs offer grants and scholarships to qualified applicants (Study.com, 2020).

The Best Universities to Study Physics for 2025

The following university ranking by U.S. News showcases the top 15 universities for physics studies out of 752 schools globally. Unless indicated otherwise, the university is located in the U.S.A.

Possible Careers for Physics Majors

A study conducted by the American Institute of Physics (2020) reveals that the majority of bachelor’s degree holders in classes 2017 and 2018 who are employed by private organizations are working in engineering (38%) and computer information systems (26%); only a fraction of them are working in the fields of physics and/or astronomy (3%) and 21% were employed in non-S.T.E.M. fields. Meanwhile, those who were not employed in the private sector were working in other typical physics major jobs in high schools, colleges or universities, civilian government, national labs, or the military. Most careers, however, require a decent level of technological and scientific data management system skills.

Jobs would likely require proficiency in computer simulation software, eln software, and lab inventory management tools. And, this is more true for those who have graduate degrees, especially those working in highly specialized fields of research and with high physics degree salary opportunities.

There is a broad array of opportunities for master’s degree holders. According to Forbes, physics was the third-best master’s degree to have jobs in 2017 with career opportunities in academia and other fields, such as aerospace and engineering (Best Master’s Degrees, n.d.). Meanwhile, a PhD in physics can open the doors to becoming an established physicist or astronomer. Below are some of the other career options for physics majors according to academic qualifications (Study.com):

Associate degree

1. Entry-level technical assembly work
2. Mechanical maintenance

Bachelor’s degree

1. Laboratory assistants
2. Healthcare technicians
3. Mechanical professionals

Master’s degree

1. Teaching assistants
2. High school physics teachers
3. Staff scientists
4. Project managers

PhD

1. Physicists and astronomers
2. Postsecondary physics teachers
3. Biophysicists
4. Natural sciences managers
5. Petroleum engineers
6. Geophysicists

How much do physics majors earn?

How does a physics degree compare to other disciplines in career preparation?

Physics graduates possess a unique blend of analytical, problem-solving, and quantitative skills that often surpass traditional expectations, making them competitive in diverse career trajectories. But how does this degree hold up compared to other academic disciplines in preparing students for long-term career success?

Unlike narrow-focused degrees, a physics education provides a robust foundation for tackling multifaceted challenges. Its versatility enables graduates to transition into fields such as engineering, finance, and creative industries with comparative ease. For instance, while a degree in engineering may offer job-specific training, a physics degree emphasizes underlying principles, offering broader adaptability. This flexibility is advantageous in the evolving job market, where roles frequently require interdisciplinary expertise.

Physics also aligns well with skills sought after for emerging roles in artificial intelligence, renewable energy, and computational sciences. Such areas promise robust growth, whereas degrees in other fields may require additional certifications or specialized training to pivot into these domains. Moreover, the problem-solving techniques instilled by physics mirror skills developed in highly sought-after disciplines like data science, but with the added edge of physical application models.

A careful analysis of long-term goals and interdisciplinary potential is crucial for students evaluating a physics degree versus other majors. To deepen your understanding of how physics compares with other fields and to explore top options for college careers, follow this comprehensive guide to informed decision-making.

Can a physics degree open doors to real estate and property development careers?

Graduates with a physics degree possess rigorous analytical abilities and quantitative modeling skills that are valuable for complex decision-making in real estate. Their proficiency in risk assessment, statistical analysis, and systems modeling can support advanced property valuation and sustainable design strategies. By applying physics-based problem-solving techniques, professionals can contribute to efficient energy management and innovative development practices. For individuals looking to diversify their expertise while leveraging a strong technical foundation, pursuing a real estate degree online can further enhance career prospects in the property sector.

Is an online physics degree a practical and affordable option?

Online programs in physics are emerging as a viable pathway for students seeking both flexibility and cost efficiency. Many institutions now provide rigorously designed online curricula that cater to the analytical and quantitative demands of the field while allowing students to manage their professional and personal commitments. Prospective students are encouraged to evaluate program accreditation, technological resources, and student support services to ensure that the online learning environment meets academic and industry standards. In this context, exploring options such as the cheapest online bachelor's degree can reveal cost-effective alternatives that do not compromise educational quality.

Can a physics degree enhance business leadership skills?

Physics graduates often exhibit strong analytical and problem-solving abilities that can be directly applied to strategic decision-making and leadership roles in the business world. Their technical proficiency enables them to approach complex commercial challenges with a methodical mindset, bridging the gap between data-driven insights and managerial initiatives. Moreover, integrating business acumen with a physics background can be accelerated through advanced credentials. For instance, pursuing a shortest DBA program online offers a streamlined path to developing essential leadership and strategic skills without the prolonged commitment of traditional doctoral programs.

Can you fast-track your physics degree?

Accelerated programs in physics are designed for students eager to complete their studies efficiently without compromising on academic excellence. These pathways leverage structured course sequences, intensive summer sessions, and credit transfer options to reduce the overall duration of the program. They are particularly beneficial for individuals who have demonstrated prior knowledge or relevant work experience and are looking to enter the workforce at an earlier stage. For an in-depth look at available options, consider reviewing the quickest way to get a bachelor's degree.

How can you leverage a physics degree in interdisciplinary fields?

As industries continue to evolve, many companies are looking for talent with interdisciplinary expertise—combining physics with other fields such as data science, finance, and even creative media. Leveraging a physics degree in interdisciplinary fields can expand career options and enhance a professional’s adaptability in rapidly changing job markets.

1. Physics and Data Science

• Applications: Physics majors can apply their quantitative skills to data analytics, modeling, and machine learning. This combination is valuable in sectors like finance, healthcare, and tech, where data-driven decisions are critical.
• Skills Needed: Knowledge in programming languages (e.g., Python, R), statistical analysis, and data visualization techniques can be beneficial.

2. Physics and Finance

• Applications: Quantitative finance roles, such as quantitative analyst or risk analyst, require strong analytical and mathematical skills often possessed by physics graduates. These skills are essential for modeling financial instruments, managing risk, and optimizing investment strategies.
• Skills Needed: Familiarity with financial modeling, econometrics, and tools like MATLAB and Excel.

3. Physics and Environmental Science

• Applications: With a growing focus on sustainability, physics majors can work in energy management, environmental consulting, or climate modeling to address environmental challenges.
• Skills Needed: Understanding of environmental science principles, energy systems, and proficiency in simulation software.

4. Physics and Creative Media

• Applications: The combination of physics and digital media can lead to roles in game development, animation, and virtual reality, where physics principles enhance realism in graphics and simulations.
• Skills Needed: Experience with 3D modeling, physics engines, and computer graphics software (e.g., Unity, Blender) can be advantageous.

How Can Internships and Research Opportunities Accelerate a Physics Career?

Practical experiences such as internships and research projects are critical in complementing theoretical knowledge with real-world applications. Participation in industry-led research programs or laboratory projects not only facilitates skill development in technical methodologies and data analysis, but also expands professional networks essential for career advancement. Additionally, integrating hands-on experience early on helps in understanding advanced instrumentation and computational tools that are increasingly pivotal in addressing complex industry challenges. For candidates seeking foundational pathways before exploring higher-level academic commitments, consider options like the cheapest online college for associate's degree to build relevant competencies and boost overall employability.

How Can an Accelerated Bachelor's Degree Enhance Your Physics Career Prospects?

Accelerated pathways offer physics majors the opportunity to complete their studies more efficiently while maintaining academic rigor. Students who opt for an accelerated bachelor's degree benefit from an optimized curriculum that emphasizes core competencies and real-world applications. This approach not only reduces time-to-degree but also equips graduates with the practical skills necessary for entering competitive job markets in technology, finance, and research sectors. By streamlining academic requirements and fostering early industry engagement, accelerated programs position physics graduates to rapidly advance their careers while adapting to evolving industry demands.

Emerging Trends and Future Opportunities for Physics Majors

The career landscape for physics majors is evolving rapidly, driven by advancements in technology and the increasing demand for interdisciplinary expertise. Staying abreast of emerging trends not only ensures relevance but also positions graduates to leverage their skills in innovative ways.

One significant trend is the rise of quantum computing. As organizations invest heavily in this cutting-edge technology, physicists with expertise in quantum mechanics and computational methods are in high demand. Companies like IBM, Google, and Microsoft are leading research in this field, creating a wealth of opportunities for physics graduates who wish to explore this frontier.

Another area gaining traction is the application of physics in renewable energy. With global initiatives focused on sustainability, physicists are playing a crucial role in optimizing solar panels, improving wind turbine efficiency, and developing next-generation energy storage systems. These roles not only contribute to tackling climate change but also offer lucrative and intellectually stimulating career paths.

Moreover, the fusion of physics and entrepreneurship is creating space for innovation-led businesses. From designing smart technologies to launching start-ups in the health-tech and clean-tech domains, physics majors are uniquely equipped to tackle real-world challenges. For those interested in a quicker route to financial stability, combining these entrepreneurial ventures with "quick degrees that pay well" can lead to faster entry into high-income potential careers. Discover more about quick degrees that can effectively complement a physics background here.

As industries continue to prioritize innovation and sustainability, physics majors willing to adapt and embrace interdisciplinary opportunities stand to benefit immensely. These trends highlight the versatility of a physics degree and underscore its potential to contribute to groundbreaking advancements across various domains.

Famous People Who Studied Physics

Beyond Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking, Marie Curie, Neil deGrasse Tyson, and other renowned physicists of our time, there are also the following individuals who studied physics but are not really known for their physics degrees:

1. Brian May. The Queen guitarist has completed his undergraduate degree in physics and PhD in astrophysics at the Imperial College (Perry, 2014).
2. Angela Merkel. The first female chancellor of Germany and also dubbed as the most powerful woman in the world right now holds a bachelor’s degree in physics from the University of Leipzig (formerly Karl Marx University). She also received a doctorate from the Central Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences in East Berlin for her quantum chemistry thesis (Petrikowski, 2020).
3. Elon Musk. Inspired by Richard Feynman, Elon Musk pursued physics at the University of Pennsylvania where he also studied business at the same time. He also got accepted to Stanford University’s physics PhD programs but decided to drop out of it (Baer, 2015).
4. Jimmy Carter. The 39th president of the United States served in the U.S. Navy. During his stay in Schenectady in New York where he was assigned to work on a nuclear submarine program, he went to the Union College and finished a graduate work in reactor technology and nuclear physics (NobelPrize.org, n.d.).
5. Dara Ó Briain. Before he became a famous Irish comedian and television show host, Briain studied mathematics and theoretical physics at the University College in Dublin, Ireland (Lewis, 2020).

Are non-doctorate degrees in physics worth it?

So, is a physics degree worth it? According to Williams (2018), graduating physics students often find themselves in the awkward position of ending an undergraduate career equipped with the fledgling intelligence necessary to work and flourish in their chosen subject or field, only to enter a job market where only a handful of potential employers are interested in what their intelligence can offer. It seems that there is really nothing much about what can you do with a degree in physics if it is not a doctorate. Master’s degree in physics, on the other hand, is “treated like an ugly stepchild," and ending your pursuit of knowledge at master’s level “may even be accompanied by undertones of failure" (Feder, 2019, p. 22). But while PhD in physics is the ultimate academic goal, it is not the ultimate requirement that dictates one’s growth and success in a chosen career path.

At the end of the day, a physics degree, regardless of level, is a respected qualification that can help an individual find an interesting and eventually well-paying profession in various industries and sectors. After all, the strength of physics majors lies not only in their understanding of the physical laws of the universe but also in their analytical skills in resolving and learning how to solve problems.

What are the advantages of pairing a physics degree with a shorter healthcare program?

Combining a physics degree with a healthcare program offers a strategic pathway to career versatility and faster job placement. Physics graduates often possess analytical and quantitative skills that are highly valued in healthcare, particularly in roles involving medical technology, diagnostics, and biophysics. Pairing these abilities with a focused healthcare program can lead to specialized roles in radiation therapy, medical imaging, or biomedical equipment design.

For example,  2 year healthcare degrees, such as those in radiologic technology or medical laboratory science, equip graduates with practical skills and certifications for immediate employment. By leveraging their foundational knowledge in physics, students can enhance their understanding of technologies like MRI, CT scanning, and nuclear medicine, giving them a competitive edge in the healthcare industry.

The intersection of physics and healthcare also fosters innovation. Professionals with expertise in both fields contribute to advancements in medical devices and imaging techniques, which are critical for modern medicine. Explore more about healthcare degrees that can be completed in two years or less here.

By integrating these fields, individuals can pursue rewarding careers that combine problem-solving with meaningful contributions to patient care, making the most of their physics background in applied settings.

What certifications can further amplify a physics degree?

Pursuing targeted certifications equips physics graduates with industry-specific skills that enhance career versatility. Verifiable credentials in emerging fields—such as data analytics, project management, or specialized technical applications—not only validate your expertise but also signal adaptability to potential employers. Additionally, integrating a complementary fastest online associate's degree into your academic portfolio can streamline your transition into competitive sectors while reinforcing your analytical foundation.

Key Insights

• Diverse Career Opportunities: A physics degree opens up a wide range of career paths, not only in traditional roles like physicists and astronomers but also in fields such as engineering, computer information systems, healthcare, and education.
• Educational Pathways and Requirements: Physics degrees are offered at multiple levels—associate, bachelor’s, master’s, and PhD—each with specific prerequisites and varying durations.
• Financial Commitment: The cost of studying physics varies significantly depending on the institution and program level, with undergraduate degrees ranging from $7,200 to $44,662 annually, and master's programs costing between $9,000 and $20,000.
• High Earning Potential: Physics majors, especially those with advanced degrees, have high earning potential across various industries, including academia, engineering, and technology.
• Prestigious Institutions: Top universities globally offer physics programs, providing students with excellent educational and research opportunities.
• Valued Skill Set: Physics majors are valued for their strong analytical skills, problem-solving abilities, and technical proficiency, making them attractive to a broad range of employers.
• Notable Alumni: Many famous individuals, including Elon Musk and Angela Merkel, have physics degrees, demonstrating the versatility and value of the qualification.

FAQ

1. What can you do with a physics degree besides becoming a physicist? A physics degree can lead to careers in various fields, including engineering, computer information systems, healthcare, education, and business. Physics graduates are also well-suited for roles in research, data analysis, project management, and technical consulting.
2. What are the best universities to study physics? Some of the top universities for physics studies include MIT, Stanford University, Harvard University, and the University of Cambridge. These institutions offer world-class education and research opportunities in physics.
3. What is the job outlook for physics majors? The job outlook for physics majors is positive, with opportunities in academia, private sector industries, government research labs, and more. Physics majors are in demand for their analytical and problem-solving skills.
4. How much do physics majors earn? Salaries for physics majors vary by industry and job role. Generally, physics majors earn competitive salaries, with higher earnings for those with advanced degrees. For instance, physicists and astronomers can earn upwards of $100,000 annually, while roles in engineering and technology also offer high earning potential.
5. Are non-doctorate degrees in physics worth it? Yes, non-doctorate degrees in physics are still valuable and can lead to rewarding careers in various industries. While a PhD may be necessary for certain research positions, bachelor's and master's degrees can open doors to numerous opportunities in engineering, technology, education, and more.
6. Can physics majors work in non-STEM fields? Yes, physics majors can work in non-STEM fields such as finance, business, law, and policy. The analytical and quantitative skills developed through a physics degree are highly transferable and valued across many sectors.
7. What are the benefits of pursuing a physics degree? Pursuing a physics degree provides a deep understanding of fundamental scientific principles, enhances problem-solving and analytical skills, and offers diverse career opportunities with high earning potential. Additionally, physics graduates are well-prepared for advanced studies in various scientific and engineering disciplines.
8. Who are some famous individuals with physics degrees? Notable individuals with physics degrees include Elon Musk, Angela Merkel, Brian May, Jimmy Carter, and Dara Ó Briain. Their achievements demonstrate the versatility and value of a physics education in various fields.

References

1. Academic Courses (n.d.). Best associate of science degrees in physics 2020. Academic Courses.
2. AIP (2017). Physics Bachelors: Initial Employment. College Park, MD: AIP Statistical Research Center.
3. API (2020, April 8). Employment and Careers in Physics. College Park, MD: AIP Statistical Research Center.
4. AS Staff (2020, June 18). 15 best affordable physics degree programs (Bachelor’s) 2020. Affordable Schools.
5. Baer, D. (2015, January 25). Here’s how studying physics has helped Elon Musk find insights everybody else misses. Business Insider Australia.
6. Bailey, C. (2015). Physics Careers: To the Bachelor’s Degree and Beyond. Ridge, NY: American Physical Society.
7. Best Master’s Degrees (n.d.). What careers are available with a master’s in physics? The Best Master’s Degrees.
8. Feder, T. (2019). A physics master’s degree opens doors to myriad careers. Physics Today, 72 (4), 22-25.  https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4180
9. Friedl, S. (n.d.). What is physics? Definition, history & branches. Study.com.
10. Glassdoor (2019, December 31). Best jobs and career advice for physics majors. Glassdoor Blog.
11. Jones, A. Z. (2019, August 1). Learn about different types of physics. ThoughtCo.
12. Kauflin, J. (2017, September 7). The best and worst master’s degrees for jobs in 2017. Forbes.
13. Lewis, T. (2020, July 1). Dara o Briain: ‘I could have done science but I became a clown instead’. The Guardian.
14. Lexico (n.d.). Physics. Lexico Dictionaries.
15. Masters Portal (n.d.). Search master’s programmes worldwide. MastersPortal.com.
16. NCES (2019, December). Average undergraduate tuition and fees and room and board rates charged for full-time students in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution: Selected years, 1963-64 through 2018-19. Digest of Education Statistics. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
17. Nicholson, S., & Mulvey, P. J. (2019). Roster of Physics Departments with Enrollment and Degree Data, 2018. Melville, New York: American Institute of Physics.
18. Nobel Prize (n.d.). All Nobel prizes in physics. NobelPrize.org.
19. Nobel Prize (n.d.). The Nobel Peace Prize 2002: Jimmy Carter biographical. NobelPrize.org.
20. Perry, S. (2014, April 5). The scientists secretly masquerading as celebrities in pictures. The Guardian.
21. Petrikowski, N. P. (2020, July 13). Angela Merkel. Encyclopedia Britannica.
22. Science Daily (2020, August 7). Physics. ScienceDaily.
23. Statista Research Department (2016, September 15). Top 20 graduate degrees in the U.S. by mid-career pay 2016/17. Statista.
24. Study.com (2019, September 19). Physicist: Educational requirements for a career in physics. Study.com.
25. Study.com (2020, May 31). Is a PhD in physics worth it? Study.com.
26. TBS Staff (2019, September 24). What can you do with a physics degree? TheBestSchools.org.
27. Time Higher Education (2019, November 20). What can you do with a physics degree? THE World University Rankings.
28. Tyler, J., Mulvey, P., & Nicholson, S. (2020, August 4). Size of undergraduate physics and astronomy programs. AIP Focus On. College Park, MD: American Institute of Physics.
29. BLS (2019, March 29). Data tables for the overview of May 2019 occupational employment and wages. Occupational Outlook Handbook. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
30. BLS (2020, June 4). Physicists and astronomers. Occupational Outlook Handbook. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
31. Williams, M. (2018). The missing curriculum in physics problem-solving education. Science & Education, 27 (3-4), 299-319.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-018-9970-2
32. WorldWideLearn Editors (2015, May 1). Physics majors guide. WorldWideLearn.