How to Get a PhD in Psychology for 2025

by Imed Bouchrika, Phd

Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist

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What can I expect from a PhD in Psychology?

A PhD in Psychology is an intensive journey focused on advanced psychological theories, research methods, statistics, and ethics. Expect to conduct original research culminating in a dissertation, gaining skills in critical thinking and analysis. You'll likely experience teaching and mentorship opportunities, presenting work at conferences and in publications. This rigorous process prepares you for advanced roles in research, academia, and clinical practice, fostering independent investigation of human behavior and mental processes.

Where can I work with a PhD in Psychology?

PhD graduates find careers in academia as professors and researchers, contributing to psychological science in universities and research institutions. Government agencies and non-profits also employ researchers. Applied settings offer diverse roles: clinical psychologists in private practice and hospitals; industrial-organizational psychologists in corporations; forensic psychologists in the legal system; and school psychologists in education. These positions involve research, assessment, therapy, and applying psychological principles to real-world challenges.

How much can I make with a PhD in Psychology?

Salaries vary based on specialization, experience, and work setting. Academic and research positions may range from $70,000 to $100,000+. Clinical psychologists in practice or hospitals could earn $80,000 to $150,000+. Industrial-organizational psychologists may see $90,000 to $180,000+. Forensic and school psychologists typically earn $70,000 to $120,000. These are estimates, and actual earnings can differ based on various factors like location and expertise.

Table of Contents

1. How can you become a PhD in Psychology for 2025?
2. What are the educational requirements to become a PhD in Psychology?
3. What skills are required for someone with a PhD in Psychology?
4. What is the certification and licensing process for a PhD in Psychology?
5. What ethical and legal guidelines should you observe as a PhD in Psychology?
6. What are the funding options for psychology PhD students?
7. How much can you earn as a PhD in Psychology?
8. How do I identify a reputable PhD program in Psychology?
9. What is the job market like for a PhD in Psychology?
10. How can I secure practical clinical training during my Psychology PhD?
11. What subspecialties and career paths are available for PhD in Psychology graduates?
12. Can interdisciplinary training enrich my Psychology PhD experience?
13. What challenges should you consider as a PhD in Psychology?
14. Other Things You Should Know About Getting a PhD in Psychology

How can you become a PhD in Psychology for 2025?

Becoming a PhD in Psychology is a significant undertaking that involves several key steps. It requires dedication and a strong commitment to advanced study and research.

• Complete a Bachelor's Degree: This is the first step, often in psychology, but related fields can also be acceptable.
• Gain Research Experience: Many programs require or strongly prefer applicants to have research experience, often through lab work or assistantships.
• Earn a Master's Degree (Sometimes): Some PhD programs require a master's degree in psychology or a related field, while others integrate it into the doctoral program. For some, the cheapest Masters in Psychology degrees may prepare them better.
• Apply to Doctoral Programs: This involves submitting applications, transcripts, GRE scores (if required), letters of recommendation, and a statement of purpose.
• Complete Doctoral Coursework: PhD programs involve rigorous coursework in areas like research methods, statistics, and specialized areas of psychology.
• Conduct Research: A significant portion of the program is dedicated to conducting original research, often culminating in a dissertation.
• Write and Defend a Dissertation: The dissertation is a substantial research project that must be defended before a committee of experts.
• Complete an Internship (For Clinical/Counseling): If pursuing a clinical or counseling psychology PhD, a supervised internship is typically required for licensure.

The process is lengthy and demanding, but it prepares individuals for advanced roles in research, academia, and clinical practice. Successfully completing these steps leads to the award of a PhD in Psychology.

From 2019 to 2023, the percentage of adults aged 18 and over in the United States receiving mental health treatment showed a consistent upward trend. In 2019, the percentage was 19.2%, rising to 20.3% in 2020, 21.6% in 2021, 23.4% in 2022, and reaching 23.9% in 2023.

This data, shown in the graph below, indicates a steady increase in the proportion of adults seeking mental health treatment over the five-year period. The most significant increase occurred between 2021 and 2022. This progression suggests a growing awareness and acceptance of mental health care.

What are the educational requirements to become a PhD in Psychology?

Earning a PhD in Psychology requires a substantial amount of education beyond a bachelor's degree. The specific requirements can vary slightly between programs, but the general path is well-defined.

• Bachelor's Degree: A bachelor's degree is the foundational requirement, and while a psychology major is common, related fields like biology, sociology, or cognitive science can also be suitable.
• Relevant Coursework: Regardless of the major, programs often expect applicants to have completed specific undergraduate coursework, such as statistics, research methods, and introductory psychology.
• Master's Degree (Sometimes): Some PhD programs require applicants to hold a master's degree in psychology or a related field before applying, while others award a master's as part of the doctoral program.
• Doctoral Program Admission: Admission to a doctoral program is highly competitive and requires a strong academic record, research experience, and compelling application materials.
• Doctoral Coursework: Once admitted, students complete advanced coursework in various areas of psychology, including research design, statistics, and specialized topics. An online doctorate in psychology is becoming more popular nowadays,

These requirements ensure that individuals entering PhD programs have a solid foundation in psychology and are prepared for advanced study and research. Meeting these educational milestones is crucial for pursuing a career as a psychologist with a doctorate.

What skills are required for someone with a PhD in Psychology?

A PhD in Psychology equips individuals with a diverse set of skills, essential for success in various professional settings. These skills are honed through rigorous academic training and research experience.

• Research Skills: This includes designing, conducting, analyzing, and interpreting research studies, using both quantitative and qualitative methods.
• Critical Thinking: The ability to analyze information objectively, evaluate arguments, and form well-supported conclusions is vital.
• Data Analysis: Proficiency in statistical software and techniques is crucial for analyzing data and drawing meaningful insights.
• Communication Skills: Effective written and oral communication is necessary for presenting research findings, writing reports, and teaching.
• Problem-Solving: Psychologists often work to solve complex problems, requiring strong analytical and problem-solving abilities.
• Ethical Judgment: A strong understanding of ethical principles and the ability to apply them in research and practice is essential.
• Interpersonal Skills: For those in clinical or counseling roles, the ability to build rapport, listen empathetically, and communicate effectively with clients is paramount.

These skills enable PhD-level psychologists to contribute to the field through research, apply psychological principles in practice, and educate future generations of psychologists. The development of these skills is a core focus of doctoral programs.

What is the certification and licensing process for a PhD in Psychology?

Certification and licensing are critical steps for those who wish to practice psychology independently. While a PhD is a significant educational achievement, it does not automatically grant the right to practice.

• Doctoral Degree: A PhD in Psychology from an accredited program is a fundamental requirement for licensure.
• Supervised Clinical Experience: Most states require a specific number of hours of supervised clinical experience, often completed during and after the doctoral program.
• Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP): The Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP) is a national exam required for licensure in most jurisdictions.
• State-Specific Requirements: Each state or jurisdiction has its own licensing board and specific requirements, which may include additional exams or coursework.
• Continuing Education: Licensed psychologists must typically complete continuing education requirements to maintain their licensure.

The process ensures that practicing psychologists have met the necessary qualifications and adhere to professional standards. It's important to research the specific requirements of the state where you intend to practice.

A person's mental health encompasses their psychological and emotional well-being. Currently, mental health disorders are a major contributor to global ill health and disability. The World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that approximately 1 billion individuals worldwide are living with a mental disorder, and tragically, a person dies every 40 seconds due to issues related to mental health. Despite this widespread need, access to quality mental health services remains limited for many, with the situation being particularly dire in low- and middle-income countries, where over 75% of those affected receive no treatment, as shown in the graphic below.

What ethical and legal guidelines should you observe as a PhD in Psychology?

PhD psychologists must adhere to strict ethical and legal guidelines to ensure the well-being of their clients, maintain professional integrity, and uphold the standards of the field. These guidelines are paramount in both research and practice.

• APA Ethical Principles: The American Psychological Association (APA) provides a comprehensive code of ethics that guides psychologists' conduct.
• Informed Consent: Obtaining informed consent from research participants or clients is crucial, ensuring they understand the nature of the research or treatment.
• Confidentiality: Maintaining the confidentiality of client information is a fundamental ethical and legal obligation, with specific exceptions.
• Competence: Psychologists must only provide services within their areas of competence and seek further training or supervision when necessary.
• Avoiding Conflicts of Interest: Psychologists must avoid situations that could compromise their objectivity or create conflicts of interest.
• Non-discrimination: Psychologists must treat all individuals with respect and avoid discrimination based on factors like race, gender, or sexual orientation.
• Legal Compliance: Psychologists must comply with all relevant laws and regulations related to their practice and research.

Adherence to these guidelines is essential for maintaining the public's trust in the field of psychology and ensuring the ethical and responsible practice of psychology. Violations can result in disciplinary action, including loss of licensure. If you are interested in this area, why not get a paralegal certificate online ABA-approved? It would get you extra credentials and add to your knowledge and skillset. 

What are the funding options for psychology PhD students?

Funding a PhD in Psychology can be a significant concern, but several options are available to help students finance their education. Many doctoral programs offer financial support to their students.

• Graduate Assistantships: Many programs offer research assistantships (RAs) or teaching assistantships (TAs), which provide a stipend and often cover tuition in exchange for work. This may even start in one's master's degree program, for example, in cheap online master's programs in forensic psychology, and continue on to the doctoral level.
• Fellowships and Grants: Various organizations and institutions offer fellowships and grants to support doctoral students, based on merit or specific research interests.
• Tuition Waivers: Some programs offer tuition waivers to reduce or eliminate the cost of tuition for PhD students.
• Loans: Federal and private loans are available to help students cover educational expenses, though these typically need to be repaid.
• External Funding: Students can seek funding from external sources, such as government agencies, foundations, and private organizations.

Military and Related Funding

• GI Bill: The GI Bill provides financial assistance for education and training to eligible service members, veterans, and their dependents. It can be used to fund a psychology PhD.
• Yellow Ribbon Program: In conjunction with the GI Bill, the Yellow Ribbon Program can help cover tuition costs that exceed the GI Bill's limits at participating institutions.
• Military Scholarships and Programs: The military offers various scholarships and programs for those pursuing advanced degrees, sometimes with a service obligation. Examples include the Health Professions Scholarship Program (HPSP).
• National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship: While not exclusive to psychology, this fellowship supports students pursuing doctoral degrees in STEM fields relevant to national defense.

Securing adequate funding is a crucial aspect of pursuing a PhD in Psychology, and students should explore all available options. Many programs prioritize funding for their doctoral students to facilitate their research and studies.

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How much can you earn as a PhD in Psychology?

The salary for a PhD in Psychology can vary widely depending on several factors, including specialization, experience, work setting, and geographic location. However, a doctoral degree generally leads to higher earning potential.

• Specialization: Specific areas of psychology, such as clinical neuropsychology or organizational psychology, may command higher salaries.
• Experience: As with most professions, years of experience significantly impact earning potential.
• Work Setting: Salaries can differ substantially between academic institutions, private practice, hospitals, government agencies, and private companies.
• Location: Geographic location plays a role, with higher salaries often found in metropolitan areas or regions with a higher demand for psychologists.
• Education Level: A PhD in Psychology typically leads to higher earning potential than a master's degree in the field. Those with online forensic psychology masters degrees, for example, earn lower salaries.

According to data from Payscale.com (2025), the average salary for a psychologist is $110,700, while the average salary for a clinical psychologist is $95,220. School psychologists have an average salary of $71,929, and research scientists earn $89,919. Industrial-organizational psychologists earn an average of $93,000. Experimental psychologists, categorized as research scientists, earn $74,143. Clinical psychologists with a phd earn $102,035, and psychologists with a phd earn $89,000. Clinical psychologists in the USAF also earn $95,220. Postdoctoral scientists and postdoctoral researchers both have an average salary of $89,919. Counseling psychologists with a phd and organizational development consultants with a phd both earn $89,000 and $93,000, respectively. Finally, university professors of psychology earn an average of $89,000.

Overall, the data, shown in the graph below, indicates that psychologists with a PhD generally earn more than those without, and there is a wide range of salaries based on specialization, with some research-oriented roles showing lower average pay.

A PhD in Psychology generally opens doors to well-compensated careers, and individuals with a doctorate are qualified for advanced positions with greater responsibilities and higher salaries.

How do I identify a reputable PhD program in Psychology?

When evaluating PhD programs, consider factors such as institutional accreditation, faculty expertise, and research funding. Review the curriculum to ensure alignment with your research interests and career objectives. Examine program outcomes through alumni success stories and data on post-graduation placements. Investigate available mentorship opportunities, research facilities, and collaborations with other institutions. Additionally, compare alternative formats, including an accelerated psychology degree, to determine which pathway best suits your academic needs and professional aspirations.

What is the job market like for a PhD in Psychology?

The job market for individuals with a PhD in Psychology is influenced by various factors, including specialization, economic conditions, and demand for mental health services. Overall, the outlook is generally positive.

• Growing Demand: There is a growing demand for psychologists in many areas, driven by increased awareness of mental health issues and the need for psychological services.
• Diverse Opportunities: PhD psychologists can find employment in various settings, including academia, healthcare, government, and private industry.
• Specialization Matters: The job market can vary depending on the specific specialization within psychology, with some areas experiencing higher demand than others.
• Research Focus: For those with a strong research background, opportunities exist in universities, research institutions, and private companies.
• Clinical Practice: Clinical and counseling psychologists with a PhD are needed in hospitals, clinics, private practices, and community mental health centers.

A growing number of psychology PhDs are leveraging business knowledge to move into corporate strategy or consulting roles. Understanding what can you do with a masters in finance can broaden your employment horizons in sectors where psychological expertise intersects with financial decision-making.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2024), the median pay for psychologists in 2024 was $94,310 per year, or $45.34 per hour. A typical entry-level education for this field varies. While no work experience in a related occupation is typically required, an internship or residency is part of the on-the-job training. In 2023, there were 207,500 jobs, and the job outlook from 2023 to 2033 is projected to grow at a rate of 7%, which is faster than the average for all occupations, resulting in an employment change of 14,000 jobs. These are shown in the graphic below.

The job market for PhD psychologists is diverse and offers many opportunities for those with advanced training. The specific opportunities available can depend on individual specialization and career goals.

How can I secure practical clinical training during my Psychology PhD?

To optimize your readiness for clinical practice, critically assess PhD programs that integrate comprehensive practicum placements, hospital affiliations, and mentorship from licensed clinicians. Identify programs that offer specialized internships or partnerships with clinical settings, allowing for intensive exposure to diverse therapeutic modalities. Additionally, evaluate opportunities that incorporate innovative clinical training models, which may include accelerated paths, such as a fast track to becoming a counselor, to gain hands-on experience and broaden your competitive edge in the field.

What subspecialties and career paths are available for PhD in Psychology graduates?

A PhD in Psychology opens doors to a wide range of subspecialties and career paths, allowing graduates to pursue their specific interests and contribute to the field in diverse ways.

• Clinical Psychology: Focuses on the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders. Also focuses on mental health conditions specific to military populations.
• Counseling Psychology: Provides therapy and support to individuals facing various life challenges.
• Social Psychology: Examines how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social contexts.
• Cognitive Psychology: Studies mental processes such as memory, perception, and problem-solving.
• Developmental Psychology: Focuses on how people grow and change throughout their lifespan.
• Organizational Psychology: Applies psychological principles to the workplace to improve productivity and employee well-being.
• Neuropsychology: Explores the relationship between the brain and behavior.
• Military Psychologist: Provides mental health services to service members and their families within the military. This can include clinical care, counseling, and research.
• Research Psychologist: Conducts research to inform military mental health policies and practices.
• Operational Psychology: Applies psychological principles to military operations, including personnel selection, training, and support.
• Academic Careers: Many PhD graduates pursue careers as professors, researchers, and instructors at colleges and universities.

The versatility of a PhD in Psychology allows graduates to tailor their careers to their passions and make meaningful contributions in various settings. These diverse subspecialties and career paths reflect the breadth of the field, and several fields are evolving. For instance, criminal justice degree online accredited programs have increasingly incorporated psychology and forensics in their curricula.

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Can interdisciplinary training enrich my Psychology PhD experience?

Integrating interdisciplinary training into your doctoral journey can expand both your research and clinical expertise. Exploring complementary fields—such as clinical therapy, forensic analysis, or even business consulting—offers broader perspectives that enhance analytic and practical skills. For instance, supplementing your academic training with clinical insights by pursuing an affordable MFT degree online can build specialized competencies, increase marketability, and promote a versatile career trajectory.

What challenges should you consider as a PhD in Psychology?

Pursuing a PhD in Psychology is a challenging but rewarding endeavor. Prospective students should be aware of the difficulties they may encounter along the way.

• Rigorous Academic Work: Doctoral programs involve demanding coursework, extensive reading, and complex research projects.
• Time Commitment: Earning a PhD requires a significant time commitment, often taking 4-7 years to complete.
• Financial Strain: Funding can be a concern, although many programs offer financial assistance.
• High Expectations: Doctoral students face pressure to excel in their studies, research, and clinical work.
• Emotional Toll: The program can be emotionally challenging, dealing with difficult subject matter and the stress of research.
• Job Market Competition: Competition for academic and research positions can be intense after graduation.
• Dissertation Stress: Completing and defending a dissertation is a major undertaking that can be a significant source of stress.

Despite these challenges, a PhD in Psychology can lead to a fulfilling and impactful career. Being aware of these potential difficulties can help students prepare and develop strategies for success.

So, how are Americans feeling in general? According to the CDC, 12.5% of adults aged 18 and older experienced regular feelings of worry, nervousness, or anxiety. Additionally, 5.0% of adults in the same age group reported regular feelings of depression. There were also 57.2 million physician office visits with mental disorders as the primary diagnosis.

These figures, shown in the graphic below, highlight the significant prevalence of mental health concerns among US adults, as evidenced by both self-reported feelings and documented medical visits.

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Here's What Graduates Say About Getting a PhD in Psychology 

Pursuing a PhD in Psychology in the U.S. gave me access to groundbreaking research opportunities and mentorship from some of the most respected names in the field. I’ve grown not only as a scholar but also as someone deeply passionate about improving mental health outcomes. Anika

The collaborative environment in my doctoral program helped me forge lifelong connections with peers who are just as dedicated to the science of human behavior as I am. It’s incredibly fulfilling to contribute to work that directly supports real-world mental health solutions. Dario

From day one, I felt empowered to explore my unique research interests and shape a path that truly reflects who I am. The experience has been intellectually rigorous, but also deeply rewarding on a personal level.  Leon

Key Findings

• Global prevalence of mental disorders: Approximately 1 billion people worldwide are living with a mental disorder (WHO).
• Global mortality: One person dies every 40 seconds due to mental health-related issues (WHO).
• Lack of treatment in LMICs: More than 75% of people with mental health disorders in low- and middle-income countries receive no treatment.
• US adults seeking treatment (2019-2023): The percentage of US adults aged 18 and over receiving mental health treatment increased from 19.2% in 2019 to 23.9% in 2023, with the most significant increase occurring between 2021 (21.6%) and 2022 (23.4%).
• US adults with worry/anxiety or depression: 12.5% of US adults aged 18 and older experienced regular feelings of worry, nervousness, or anxiety, and 5.0% reported regular feelings of depression (2023 National Health Interview Survey).
• Physician office visits: There were 57.2 million physician office visits with mental disorders as the primary diagnosis.
• U.S. Psychologist Salaries: According to Payscale.com (2025), salaries for psychologists range from $71,929 to $110,700, with clinical psychologists earning between $95,220 and $102,035, and psychologists with a PhD earning between $89,000 and $102,035.
• U.S. Psychologist Job Market: According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2024), the median pay for psychologists in 2024 was $94,310 per year, or $45.34 per hour. In 2023, there were 207,500 jobs, and the job outlook from 2023 to 2033 is projected to grow at a rate of 7% (faster than average).

Other Things You Should Know About Getting a PhD in Psychology

Is a PsyD or PhD in psychology better for my career goals?

The choice between a PsyD and a PhD in psychology depends largely on your career aspirations. A PhD typically emphasizes research, preparing graduates for careers in academia or research-intensive roles. PhD programs often involve more training in research methodologies and statistical analysis.

Conversely, a PsyD focuses more on clinical practice, aiming to equip graduates with the skills needed for direct patient care and therapy. PsyD programs usually involve more hands-on clinical experience and less emphasis on independent research. If your goal is to conduct research and teach, a PhD is generally preferred, while a PsyD is often favored for those pursuing careers primarily focused on clinical practice.

What are the essential components of a strong psychology PhD application?

A strong psychology PhD application typically includes several key components that demonstrate your potential for success in a doctoral program. These components collectively provide a comprehensive view of your qualifications and suitability for advanced study.

Essential elements include a strong academic record, typically evidenced by a high GPA, particularly in relevant coursework. Research experience, such as involvement in research labs or independent projects, is highly valued. Compelling letters of recommendation from faculty members who can attest to your research abilities and potential are crucial. A well-crafted statement of purpose that articulates your research interests, career goals, and fit with the specific program is also vital.

What are the research expectations during a psychology PhD in the USA?

During a psychology PhD program in the USA, research is a central focus, and significant expectations are placed on doctoral students. Students are expected to develop and conduct original research, contributing to the existing body of knowledge in their chosen specialization.

This involves formulating research questions, designing and implementing studies, collecting and analyzing data, and disseminating findings through publications and presentations. Students work closely with faculty mentors to refine their research skills and contribute meaningfully to their field. The culmination of this research is typically the dissertation, a substantial and original research project that students must defend.

References:

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, October 2). FastStats: Mental health. National Center for Health Statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, December 19). QuickStats: Mental health treatment trends among adults aged ≥18 years, by age group — United States, 2019–2023. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 73(50), 1150.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 
• PayScale. (2022, December 19). Doctorate (PhD), Experimental Psychology Salary.  PayScale. 
• PayScale. (2023, July 25). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Industrial Psychology Salary. PayScale. 

• PayScale. (2023, September 22). Doctorate (PhD), Psychology Salary. PayScale. 

• PayScale. (2024, August 14). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Psychology Salary. PayScale.

• PayScale. (2025, April 2). Average School Psychologist Salary. PayScale. 

• PayScale. (2025, April 21). Research Scientist Salary in 2025. PayScale. 

• PayScale. (2025, April 22). Average Clinical Psychologist Salary. PayScale. 

• United Nations Association of the National Capital Area. (2025). World Health Organization: Addressing global mental health: Bridging gaps in access and reducing stigma. Global Classrooms DC Winter Training Conference 2025.  United Nations Association of the National Capital Area.

• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2025, April 18). Psychologists. Occupational Outlook Handbook. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.