Best Accounting Schools in Montana for 2025 – How to Become a CPA in MT

by Imed Bouchrika, Phd

Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist

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Known for having one of the largest increases in real gross domestic product (GDP) in the United States at 6% from 2022 to the first quarter of 2023, Montana offers a wealth of opportunities (BEA, 2023). Its economic growth makes it an attractive venture for businesses, which can increase employment across different industries. Future accountants, in particular, may find this notable as it means gaining the versatility in work that the profession is known for.

The best accounting schools in Montana prepare their students for leveraging the opportunities offered by a fast-growing economy. A Montana-certified public accountant (CPA) can work in different settings, including government and private organizations. One can also explore job roles as auditors, tax accountants, or forensic accountants, among others.

Deciding whether to take finance vs accounting degree and leaning toward the latter is only the first step to becoming a CPA in Montana. Our research team has analyzed public datasets from credible sources to provide a comprehensive guide that can hopefully make the process less daunting. This guide will discuss accounting as a profession in the state, the time and financial investments required to pursue it, and the best schools for accounting in Montana to narrow your search.

Best Accounting Schools in Montana Table of Contents

1. Is accounting a good job in Montana?
2. What are the steps to becoming an accountant in Montana?
3. Accounting Program Length in Montana
4. Tuition and Costs of Accounting Programs in Montana
5. How can Montana accounting students finance their education?
6. Best Accounting Schools in Montana for 2025
7. What to Look for from the Best Accounting Schools in Montana
8. Can Cross-Disciplinary Expertise in Healthcare Open New Career Paths for Accountants in Montana?
9. What is the earning potential for CPAs in Montana?
10. What are the career opportunities for forensic accountants in Montana?
11. How can a forensic science degree complement forensic accounting in Montana?
12. How Does Healthcare Administration Influence Accounting Opportunities in Montana?
13. What Evolving Industry Trends Should Montana Accountants Watch?
14. Networking and Professional Development in Montana's Accounting Careers
15. Can Accounting Professionals Leverage Urban Planning Insights in Montana?
16. Can Accounting Skills Translate to a High School Math Teaching Career in Montana?
17. Can Legal Expertise Enhance Career Opportunities for Accountants in Montana?
18. How to Choose the Right Business School in Montana to Augment Your Accounting Career
19. Can Accountants Transition into Teaching Roles in Montana?
20. What Other Career Paths Are Available to Graduates of Accounting Schools in Montana?
21. What Are the Key Differences Among Various Accounting Degree Options?

Is accounting a good job in Montana?

Montana stands as a good state to build a career as a CPA based on four key areas: income, cost of living, employment, and education.

1. Income. The annual median salary for accountants and auditors in Montana is $68,460 (BLS, 2022a). Given that the national annual median salary of $78,000, a Montana CPA may be earning less than expected. That said, note that income should be considered in the context of the cost of living to gain a more holistic perspective.
2. Cost of Living. An individual living in Montana can expect to spend an average of $47,887 in personal consumption and expenditures, which includes healthcare, housing, and food (BEA, 2022). Considering their annual median salary, CPAs can lead a comfortable life in Montana.
3. Employment. Accountants and auditors are less prevalent in Montana than the national average (BLS, 2022a). Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks are more prevalent, offering a wide range of employment options for CPAs.
4. Education. The best accounting schools in Montana will offer further education opportunities to help aspiring and current CPAs achieve professional growth. From private to public institutions, students can take baccalaureate and master’s programs as well as in-person and even an online MBA in accounting.

What are the steps to becoming an accountant in Montana?

Our research team has collected data from Montana’s State Board of Accountancy and Society of CPAs to provide a step-by-step process for becoming an accountant in the state. The Montana CPA requirements are as follows: education, CPA examination, licensing, and continuing professional education (CPE).

Education

Though there are associate degrees in accounting, the best accounting schools in Montana will consider the minimum 120 semester hours required by the Board to sit for the CPA exam. This length of time is equivalent to a baccalaureate degree. Additionally, the Board also requires the following for CPA education:

1. Accreditation. The chosen accounting program must be regionally or nationally accredited by organizations like the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB), the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU), and the International Accreditation Council for Business Education (IACBE).
2. Accounting Courses. Students who intend to sit for the CPA exam must have 24 semester hours of accounting courses at the undergraduate or graduate level, excluding introductory courses.
3. Business Courses. In addition to the accounting courses, Montana also requires 24 semester hours of business courses.
4. Approval. Once all the required hours have been met, students must present and gain Board approval before the CPA exam.

CPA Examination

The best accounting schools in Montana take steps to help students prepare for the CPA exam. The exam will test the students in four parts: auditing and attestation (AUD), financial accounting and reporting (FAR), regulation (REG), and business environments and concepts (BEC). The passing score for each part is 75, and CPA licensing requires a passing grade for all parts.

After completing programs from in-person or the best online accounting schools in Montana, you must submit your transcripts for evaluation to the CPA Examination Services, which operates under the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy (NASBA). Official and sealed transcripts from all attended institutions must be submitted.

The candidate will receive a Notice to Schedule upon approval of the coursework and transcripts. Within the subsequent six months, the candidate must arrange and complete at least one of the four sections of the CPA Examination. Failure to undertake and pass any section within this six-month period will require reapplication. Additionally, candidates must pass all four sections within 18 months.

Licensing

Montana CPA license requirements mandate additional education, work experience, and attendance of an ethics class. Here are the details:

1. Must have 150 semester hours, including a minimum of 15 hours in upper-division accounting at the undergraduate or graduate level.
2. Must successfully pass all four sections of the CPA exam.
3. Must take the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) ethics course and associated exam.
4. Must gain 2,000 hours of work experience in accounting or auditing under the supervision and attestation of a licensed CPA or a supervisor with an MRA with the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy (NASBA).
5. Must submit the application form to the Board.
6. Must pay the $150 certification application fee.
7. Must take an oath under the Board’s direction.

The best accounting schools in Montana provide opportunities to complete the additional 30 semester hours required for licensing through a fast-track to a master’s in accounting (M.Acc.) or an expanded curriculum. Other options may include attendance at the best online schools for accounting in Montana, which can offer courses to satisfy the Board’s requirements.

Continuing Professional Education (CPE)

To be eligible for license renewal, Montana requires licensed CPAs to complete 120 CPE hours within a three-year reporting period. The license renewal process is as follows:

1. Have a minimum of 60 CPE hours for technical subjects, including two hours for ethics courses.
2. Have a minimum of 20 CPE hours per year for behavioral and personal courses.
3. Report the completed CPE hours to the Board.
4. Demonstrate active practice.
5. Pay the $125 license renewal fee.
6. Complete the renewal process by December 31.

The Montana Society of CPAs (MTCPA) offers a course catalog with in-person and online CPE courses, which ensures a smooth-sailing process during license renewal. Pricing for courses can vary depending on your membership with MTCPA. Keep in mind that MTCPA requires registration to be completed 21 days before the start of the course.

Accounting Program Length in Montana

The requirements for semester hours can be completed through the four-year programs offered by the best accounting schools in Montana. Entry-level education is equivalent to a bachelor’s degree (BLS, 2022b), which can be completed within four years. Other institutions, such as Montana State University, may also offer an opportunity to complete a master’s program in one year to complete the additional 30 hours required for licensing. Accredited online accounting degrees may also be another option for those who cannot immediately move to Montana.

Tuition and Costs of Accounting Programs in Montana

The cost of enrolling into a program from the best accounting schools in Montana can vary depending on your location, the type of institution, and the length of the program. Additional costs can also be incurred through professional and room and board fees. The MTCPA recommends both two- and four-year institutions recognized by the Board.

On average, enrolling in four-year public institutions in Montana can cost $6,993 for in-state students and $26,368 for out-of-state residents (NCES, 2022). Meanwhile, public two-year institutions, where you can start your career in accounting with an associate degree, can charge an average of $3,981 for in-state students and $9,038 for out-of-state residents. Accounting programs are also available in private four-year schools, which can charge an average of $32,064.

How can Montana accounting students finance their education?

Financing an accounting degree in Montana can be manageable with the right resources. Here are some key options available:

• Scholarships and Grants: Many colleges in Montana offer scholarships specifically for accounting students. These can be merit-based or need-based, helping reduce overall tuition costs. For instance, the University of Montana and Montana State University offer various departmental awards for accounting majors.
• Federal Financial Aid: Students can apply for federal financial aid by filling out the FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid). This provides access to Pell Grants, subsidized loans, and work-study programs.
• State-Specific Aid: Montana offers its own financial assistance programs through the Montana University System. The Montana Higher Education Grant supports in-state students with demonstrated financial need.
• Employer Assistance: Some employers, especially in the financial sector, may offer tuition reimbursement programs for employees who pursue further education. Check with local firms to explore these opportunities.
• Private Loans: Private student loans can help fill the gap if other options fall short. However, students should consider the interest rates and repayment terms before committing.

Best Accounting Schools in Montana for 2025

Our review team has identified the best accounting schools in Montana by thoroughly analyzing data from credible sources to rank institutions based on acceptance rates, average costs, and accreditation. Note that NASBA and AICPA have not published pass rates by universities in recent years to prepare for its CPA Evolution initiative, which will redefine the exam. As such, programs were evaluated according to their ability to prepare students for CPA licensing and Montana accounting jobs.

1. Montana State University

The accounting program at Montana State University is designed to prepare its students for the CPA exam through the curriculum and the recommended Master of Professional Accountancy (MPac). It provides courses in economics, business, and data analytics, as well as undergraduate- and graduate-level accounting subjects. It also offers graduate classes specifically to prepare for the CPA exam, with courses categorized according to the four sections of the exam.

1. Acceptance Rate: 73%
2. Average Cost: $7,727 for in-state students, $29,604 for out-of-state residents
3. Accreditation: AACSB, NWCCU

2. University of Montana

The University of Montana’s accounting curriculum enables students to gain the foundational knowledge necessary for the profession and experience in the field. It emphasizes versatility in skill and knowledge and prepares students for work in public, private, and government organizations. It also provides opportunities for internships and service learning. Additionally, qualified students can leverage study abroad opportunities in countries like Italy, New Zealand, and Australia, among others.

1. Acceptance Rate: 82%
2. Average Cost: $8,152 per 12 credits for in-state students, $31,622 for out-of-state residents
3. Accreditation: AACSB, NWCCU

3. Carroll College

For those determined to become a licensed CPA, Carroll College provides an optional accelerated accounting program that allows students to complete the required semester hours through an undergraduate and master’s curriculum. Students can also choose to take the M.Acc. later. The accounting program provides fundamental public accounting, financial reporting, and ethics classes, among others. It also offers internship opportunities to gain hands-on experience.

1. Acceptance Rate: 84%
2. Average Cost: $39,152 per year
3. Accreditation: IACBE, NWCCU

4. Montana Technological University

Montana Technological University offers a bachelor’s in accounting that is designed to support students looking to advance their associate degrees in the field. The curriculum program emphasizes information technology in accounting and all its fundamentals. It also prepares students for licensures by meeting the required 120 semester hours to sit for the CPA exam with complementary coursework in accounting and IT to complete the 150 hours. Additionally, Montana Tech provides internship and employment opportunities to secure their students’ CPA careers.

1. Acceptance Rate: 90%
2. Average Cost: $8,050 per 12 or more credits for in-state students, $24,730 for out-of-state residents
3. Accreditation: IACBE, NWCCU

5. Rocky Mountain College

The curriculum of the accounting program at Rocky Mountain College honors the core competencies and subjects of the CPA exam as recommended by the AICPA. Learning outcomes include reporting tax competencies, financial fundamentals, and information technology knowledge. It also provides an M.Acc. track to complete the required 150 semester hours required for the exam. Electives in business courses, an essential requirement for both the CPA exam and licensure, are also offered.

1. Acceptance Rate: 81%
2. Average Cost: $33,252 per year
3. Accreditation: AICPA, NWCCU

What to Look for from the Best Accounting Schools in Montana

Given some of the best accounting schools in Montana, an aspiring CPA may face the daunting task of picking where to spend the next four to five years to study. During this decision-making process, you should keep a few things in mind before settling on one.

1. Accreditation. Montana’s CPA requirements explicitly state that accounting programs should come from regionally or nationally accredited schools. As such, interested individuals must check the accreditations awarded to their preferred institution. For accounting, relevant accreditations include AACSB, NWCCU, and IACBE. AICPA may also recognize some programs.
2. CPA Exam Preparation. Individuals determined to sit for the CPA exam should ensure that the accounting school they have chosen prepares them for it. Check the courses offered through the program and ensure that the semester hours meet the Board’s requirements. The best accounting schools in Montana will also provide opportunities to complete the 150 semester hours required for licensing.
3. Cost. Tuition and fees can determine which accounting school you go to. When calculating for it, consider other additional costs, such as living and book expenses. Most schools also offer financial aid, which can alleviate some of the burden. Carroll College, for instance, grants institutional scholarships to most of its students.
4. Professional Opportunities. Another key factor to consider is whether the preferred accounting school offers opportunities for students to build a network of like-minded and professional individuals. Opportunities may come in the form of internships as well as networking events. Some schools can also partner with foreign institutions, which enables students to study abroad.
5. Workforce Readiness. The best accounting schools not only prepare students for the exam and licensing but also for the realities of the profession. This can be achieved through courses discussing legal and ethical regulations and workforce expectations. Internship opportunities also assist in this area.

Can Cross-Disciplinary Expertise in Healthcare Open New Career Paths for Accountants in Montana?

Montana’s diverse economic landscape presents opportunities for accounting professionals to extend their expertise beyond traditional financial roles. Integrating healthcare administration and management skills can position these professionals for supervisory roles in healthcare finance, hospital administration, and compliance management. An understanding of healthcare regulations, budgeting strategies, and risk management can enhance financial oversight within medical institutions. Additionally, accountants interested in interdisciplinary growth may explore certifications or training programs that bridge financial skills with healthcare practices. For professionals contemplating a shift toward healthcare, learn how to become a nurse practitioner in Montana to further diversify your career profile.

What is the earning potential for CPAs in Montana?

CPAs in Montana benefit from competitive compensation packages driven by steady economic growth and high demand for financial expertise. Market data reveals that earnings are aligned with both regional cost-of-living factors and the expanding scope of accounting roles in the state. For detailed salary benchmarks and current industry trends, refer to the CPA salary report.

What are the career opportunities for forensic accountants in Montana?

Forensic accounting has gained increasing prominence, especially with the rise in financial crimes and corporate fraud. In Montana, forensic accountants are in demand within both public and private sectors. These professionals often assist in investigating financial discrepancies, fraud cases, and ensuring that businesses comply with state and federal regulations. With Montana's growing economy, the need for forensic accountants to help detect and prevent financial fraud is also expanding, making this specialization an appealing option for accounting graduates.

Many professionals in Montana pursue this niche by completing specialized degrees such as a best online forensic accounting degree, which provides the necessary skills to investigate financial discrepancies and work with law enforcement agencies. These accountants are typically employed in law enforcement agencies, government bodies, and private consulting firms. Additionally, large corporations or financial institutions that require regular audits also employ forensic accountants to ensure financial integrity.

Given the complex nature of forensic accounting, professionals often take on roles such as fraud examiner, financial investigator, or compliance officer. With strong growth projections for both the accounting and finance industries in Montana, forensic accounting remains a valuable career path for aspiring CPAs and accounting professionals.

How can a forensic science degree complement forensic accounting in Montana?

Integrating scientific investigative methods with accounting expertise can expand the analytical toolkit needed for intricate fraud investigations. Enhancing your skill set with a forensic science degree in Montana equips professionals with advanced techniques in evidence analysis and data validation. This interdisciplinary approach not only strengthens fraud detection capabilities but also supports compliance and risk management efforts in both public and private sectors.

How Does Healthcare Administration Influence Accounting Opportunities in Montana?

In today's diverse economic ecosystem, the intersection of healthcare administration and accounting presents unique avenues for career growth. Professionals leveraging insights into healthcare revenue cycle management can tap into specialized roles that require both financial acumen and an understanding of medical billing processes. Acquiring competencies in medical coding, such as how to be a medical coder in Montana, provides a competitive edge by streamlining financial oversight, ensuring compliance, and enhancing operational efficiency within the healthcare sector. Integrating healthcare data analytics with core accounting principles further refines decision-making and fosters innovative approaches to financial reporting in medical institutions.

What Evolving Industry Trends Should Montana Accountants Watch?

In the rapidly changing landscape of accounting, professionals in Montana must remain vigilant of emerging trends that reshape traditional practices. Significant advances in automation and artificial intelligence are streamlining routine data processing tasks, leading to a stronger emphasis on analytical skills and strategic advisory roles. Concurrently, evolving regulatory frameworks and digital compliance requirements necessitate continuous upskilling. Moreover, flexible work arrangements and remote technologies are altering client engagement and internal collaboration dynamics. For detailed guidance on state-specific standards, refer to CPA requirements in Montana.

Networking and Professional Development in Montana's Accounting Careers

Professional networking and continuous development play a pivotal role in building a successful accounting career in Montana. As the state experiences economic growth and diversifies its industries, accountants who leverage networking opportunities and professional development resources can significantly enhance their career trajectories.

Networking Opportunities for Accounting Students and Professionals

Montana’s accounting landscape offers numerous avenues for networking that help aspiring CPAs connect with industry leaders, potential employers, and peers:

• Professional Associations: Organizations such as the Montana Society of CPAs (MSCPA) regularly host events, workshops, and conferences where accountants can exchange ideas, gain industry insights, and forge valuable connections.
• University Alumni Networks: Many of the best accounting schools in Montana have strong alumni associations that provide mentorship opportunities, job referrals, and industry connections for current students.
• Career Fairs and Employer Partnerships: Institutions like Montana State University and the University of Montana often organize career fairs and establish partnerships with local firms, enabling students to secure internships and job placements.

Importance of Internships

Internships not only provide hands-on experience but also serve as an entry point into Montana’s accounting job market. By interning with local accounting firms or organizations, students can:

• Gain practical exposure to taxation, auditing, and financial reporting.
• Develop industry-specific skills that are directly applicable to CPA requirements.
• Build professional relationships that often lead to full-time job offers post-graduation.

Continuing Professional Education (CPE)

Montana mandates that CPAs complete 120 hours of CPE every three years, ensuring professionals stay updated on changing regulations and accounting standards. Key areas of focus include:

• Ethics and Legal Compliance: Courses offered by MSCPA and other accredited providers ensure accountants adhere to ethical practices and legal frameworks.
• Technology in Accounting: Workshops on accounting software and emerging technologies help CPAs remain competitive in a digital-first world.

Leveraging Technology for Networking

Digital platforms are becoming increasingly essential for Montana's accountants to network and expand their professional reach:

• LinkedIn: Building a professional profile and joining accounting-focused groups can lead to connections with recruiters and industry leaders.
• Virtual Conferences: Many professional events now offer hybrid formats, allowing Montana-based accountants to connect with national and international professionals without leaving the state.

Collaboration with Montana’s Key Industries

Montana’s booming sectors, such as agriculture, tourism, and energy, offer niche opportunities for accountants. Networking with professionals from these industries can lead to specialized roles in areas like cost accounting, sustainability reporting, and financial advisory services tailored to sector-specific needs.

Take the Next Step in Your Accounting Career

Whether you’re starting your education or are an experienced professional, building a strong network and pursuing continuous professional growth are crucial for success in Montana’s accounting landscape. Many of the best accredited online accounting programs also emphasize networking and career development, equipping students with the tools needed to thrive in a competitive job market.

By investing in these resources and maintaining active involvement in the professional community, accountants can maximize their career potential while contributing to the state’s economic growth.

Can Accounting Professionals Leverage Urban Planning Insights in Montana?

In Montana's dynamic economic environment, integrating urban planning insights can sharpen an accountant's strategic decision-making, particularly in public sector finance and infrastructure projects. By understanding local development trends, zoning policies, and municipal budgeting, accounting professionals can offer enhanced advisory services and innovative solutions for both government and private sector initiatives. This interdisciplinary approach not only broadens career opportunities but also reinforces the value of fiscal management aligned with regional growth. For additional expertise, review how to become an urban planner in Montana.

Can Accounting Skills Translate to a High School Math Teaching Career in Montana?

The quantitative expertise and analytical approach inherent in accounting can provide a strong foundation for teaching high school mathematics. Professionals looking to transition into education can leverage their industry experience to bring practical applications to math concepts, enhancing student understanding and engagement. This career path typically requires acquiring classroom credentials and specialized training in pedagogy to complement existing technical skills. For detailed information on this transition, refer to how to become a high school math teacher in Montana.

Can Legal Expertise Enhance Career Opportunities for Accountants in Montana?

Accountants who deepen their understanding of legal processes can gain a competitive edge in navigating complex regulatory frameworks and managing business risks. Integrating legal expertise into accounting practices enables professionals to offer robust compliance strategies and informed advisory services, particularly in environments where financial regulations and litigation risks are prominent. This interdisciplinary approach not only helps in mitigating potential legal issues but also enhances analytical and decision-making skills in multifaceted business scenarios. For professionals considering a career expansion into legal domains, exploring resources on how to become a paralegal in Montana can offer valuable insights and practical pathways to complement their accounting expertise.

How to Choose the Right Business School in Montana to Augment Your Accounting Career

Selecting the right business school isn’t only about academics—it can significantly influence your career trajectory in accounting. While the focus is often on curriculum and CPA preparation, schools that emphasize holistic business education can provide added career versatility. In Montana, many of the best accounting programs are housed within broader business schools that offer comprehensive training in finance, entrepreneurship, and management.

A well-rounded business education has the potential to make a difference for aspiring CPAs and accountants who plan to specialize in niche areas like forensic accounting or financial consultancy. For instance, identifying institutions that align with your career goals, accreditation standards, and industry partnerships can be crucial. Some schools provide exposure to local industries like agriculture, energy, and tourism, which are key contributors to Montana's economy.

For those undecided on whether accounting is the exact route, enrolling in one of the best business schools in Montana can form a strong foundation. These schools often allow students the flexibility to explore different fields of business while still preparing for accounting-focused exams and certifications.

When choosing a school in Montana, also prioritize experiential learning opportunities such as internships in accounting roles or access to networking events managed by the business school. These components can strengthen not just your technical skills but also your ability to build industry connections, making you a well-rounded professional in the ever-evolving landscape of accounting and finance.

Can Accountants Transition into Teaching Roles in Montana?

Accounting professionals with robust field experience may explore academic careers as an alternative path. Leveraging industry know‐how can enable them to contribute to curriculum development and mentor future professionals. Transitioning into teaching often requires additional pedagogical training and certification. For details on entering the education field, review what degree do you need to be a teacher in Montana. This pathway not only diversifies career opportunities but also supports the development of well‐rounded accounting education in Montana.

What Other Career Paths Are Available to Graduates of Accounting Schools in Montana?

In addition to pursuing a career in accounting, graduates of accounting schools in Montana may also consider other career paths that utilize their skills in finance, analysis, and problem-solving. For instance, they may explore careers in education, such as becoming an elementary school teacher requirements in Montana, or in other fields like law, consulting, or government. The skills and knowledge gained through an accounting education can be highly transferable, making accounting graduates versatile and attractive candidates in a variety of industries.

What Are the Key Differences Among Various Accounting Degree Options?

Choosing an accounting degree involves evaluating how each program’s structure and focus align with local market needs. Degree pathways vary in duration, specialization, and practice readiness; for instance, an associate degree may offer rapid entry into entry-level roles while a bachelor’s or master’s degree might provide comprehensive curricula that integrate advanced technical skills and ethical standards. Targeted programs can be tailored to niche markets, allowing graduates to engage in specialized fields such as forensic accounting or managerial finance. For a detailed overview of these variations, explore different types of accounting degrees to determine the best fit for your long-term professional objectives in Montana.

Reaping the Benefits of a Growing Economy

Individuals aspiring to become CPAs in Montana can take advantage of the state’s growing economy. Considering its current stability and projected growth, CPAs in Montana can find work and career opportunities in local businesses, private corporations, and government organizations. A growing and stabilizing economy may also enable them to start their own practice.

This guide that our team has prepared can help you start on the path to becoming a CPA and explore the future of your career. For those interested, you may want to check the guide on how to become a forensic accountant, which is one of the careers you can pursue as a CPA.

References

1. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). (2021). 2021 Trends Report. Retrieved from AICPA.
2. National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2022). Average undergraduate tuition, fees, room, and board charges for full-time students in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution and state or jurisdiction: 2019-20 and 2020-21. Retrieved from NCES.
3. US Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). (2022). Personal Consumption Expenditures by State, 2021. Retrieved from BEA.
4. US Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). (2023). Gross Domestic Product by State and Personal Income by State, 1st Quarter 2023. Retrieved from BEA.
5. US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2022a).  May 2022 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates Montana. Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics. Retrieved from BLS.
6. US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2022b).  Occupational Outlook Handbook Accountants and Auditors. Retrieved from BLS.