How To Become a Forensic Scientist: Salary & Career Paths for 2025

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With the growing popularity of true crime media and increasing reliance on forensic evidence in the justice system, many are drawn to the idea of working behind the scenes to solve crimes. However, figuring out exactly how to become a forensic scientist, what education is required, how long it takes, and what kind of salary to expect can feel confusing without a clear, expert-backed roadmap.

This comprehensive guide is designed to take the guesswork out of the process. Whether you are just beginning your academic journey or considering a pivot into forensic science, you will find everything you need to know about the career paths, educational requirements, salary expectations, certifications, and job outlook.

With real-world data and expert insights, this resource will help you make informed decisions and confidently take your next steps toward a rewarding career in forensic science.

Key things you should know about becoming a forensic scientist:

A bachelor’s degree in forensic science or a related natural science is typically required to enter the field.
Most forensic scientists start their careers as forensic science technicians, handling evidence collection and analysis.
The field is growing rapidly, with a 14% job growth projected from 2023 to 2033 and about 2,700 openings each year.

What is the role of a forensic scientist in criminal investigations?
What is the average salary for forensic scientists in the U.S.?
What types of forensic science specialties are there?
What are the best majors for a career in forensic science?
How long does it usually take to become a forensic scientist?
What jobs can forensic scientists transition into?
Which states pay forensic scientists the most?
What are the most affordable options for earning a forensic science degree?
Which college is best for forensic science?
What certifications are required for forensic scientists?
What are the career levels in forensic science?
What is the job growth outlook for forensic science careers?
What additional professional development opportunities can boost a forensic science career?
Other things you should know about becoming a forensic scientist

What is the role of a forensic scientist in criminal investigations?

Forensic scientists play a crucial role in the criminal justice system by applying scientific principles to investigate crimes. Their work helps law enforcement uncover the truth through the collection, analysis, and interpretation of physical evidence. Below are the key responsibilities that define their role in criminal investigations:

Collecting and preserving evidence: Forensic scientists are often responsible for assisting with the collection of physical evidence from crime scenes, such as blood samples, fingerprints, and trace materials. They follow strict protocols to preserve the integrity of the evidence and maintain the chain of custody, ensuring that it can be used reliably in court and during analysis.
Analyzing physical and biological samples: In the lab, forensic scientists use specialized equipment and scientific techniques to examine evidence collected from crime scenes. This can include DNA profiling, chemical analysis, toxicology screening, and ballistic matching, all of which help to identify suspects, confirm the cause of death, or reconstruct the sequence of events.
Interpreting scientific data: After testing is complete, forensic scientists interpret the results to draw meaningful conclusions relevant to the investigation. Their insights help determine whether the evidence supports or contradicts witness statements, alibis, or timelines, providing crucial context for law enforcement and prosecutors, especially in digital investigations, where understanding computer forensics job requirements ensures accurate and admissible analysis.
Preparing written reports: Forensic scientists document their findings in clear, detailed reports that outline their methodology and conclusions. These reports are used throughout the legal process to support criminal cases and must meet professional and legal standards for accuracy and objectivity.
Testifying in court: As expert witnesses, forensic scientists may be called upon to present and explain their findings to a judge or jury. Their ability to clearly communicate complex scientific concepts in understandable language can play a key role in the outcome of a trial, especially when linking evidence directly to a suspect or event.

You may want to read up on criminal justice vs forensic science. Knowing the difference between the two would help you better decide which career path you are more interested in.

What is the average salary for forensic scientists in the U.S.?

The average salary for forensic scientists in the United States is $79,408 per year, according to recent data. This figure can vary significantly depending on several key factors such as location, level of experience, education, and area of specialization. For example, forensic scientists working in federal agencies or large metropolitan areas often earn higher salaries due to the complexity of cases and increased demand. Entry-level professionals may start with salaries closer to $50,000, while those with advanced degrees or supervisory roles can earn upwards of $100,000 annually.

Several variables influence a forensic scientist's earning potential. Geographic location plays a major role—states like California, Illinois, and Massachusetts typically offer higher wages due to the cost of living and demand for forensic services. Specialization also impacts pay; forensic pathologists and DNA analysts may command higher salaries than generalists. Additionally, professionals with certifications, such as those from the American Board of Criminalistics, or those working in high-stakes sectors like federal law enforcement, often earn more than their peers in local or regional labs.

Forensic scientists earn around $79,408 per year..png

What types of forensic science specialties are there?

Forensic science is a broad field with numerous specialties, each focusing on different types of evidence and methods of analysis. These specializations allow professionals to develop deep expertise and play specific roles within criminal investigations. Here are some of the main types of forensic science specialties:

Forensic Biology: This specialty focuses on the analysis of biological evidence such as blood, saliva, hair, and other bodily fluids. Forensic biologists often perform DNA profiling to identify suspects or victims and are essential in solving crimes involving physical assaults or homicides.
Forensic Chemistry: Forensic chemists analyze non-biological trace evidence, such as paint, glass, drugs, and explosives. Their work is crucial in drug cases, arson investigations, and identifying unknown substances found at crime scenes.
Digital Forensics: This field involves retrieving and analyzing data from electronic devices like computers, smartphones, and cloud storage. Digital forensic experts play a vital role in cybercrime investigations, fraud, and cases involving online communication or digital evidence, especially when paired with specialized training such as a master’s in forensic accounting for financial crime analysis.
Toxicology: Forensic toxicologists examine biological samples to detect the presence of drugs, alcohol, poisons, or other chemicals. This specialty is often applied in cases involving overdose, poisoning, or impaired driving, helping determine the cause of death or impairment.
Forensic Pathology: Forensic pathologists are medical doctors who determine the cause and manner of death through autopsies. They work closely with law enforcement in suspicious death investigations and provide expert testimony in court.
Forensic Odontology: Also known as forensic dentistry, this field involves analyzing dental records, bite marks, and oral injuries. It can be used to identify unknown remains or assess injuries in assault cases.
Ballistics (Forensic Firearms Examination): This area involves the analysis of firearms, bullets, and gunshot residue. Ballistics experts can determine the type of weapon used and link a specific firearm to a crime.
Questioned Document Examination: Experts in this field analyze handwriting, paper, ink, and printing processes. They help verify the authenticity of documents and detect forgery or alterations in legal and financial cases.
Forensic Entomology: This niche specialty uses insect evidence from decomposing bodies to estimate time of death. It is particularly useful in outdoor death scenes where other indicators may be limited.
Forensic Anthropology: This specialty focuses on the examination of human skeletal remains to identify victims and determine the cause of death. Forensic anthropologists are often called in during mass disasters, unmarked graves, or when only bones are recovered—making it essential to understand how to get into a forensic anthropology career if you're interested in this highly specialized and impactful field.

What are the best majors for a career in forensic science?

If you are aiming for a career in forensic science, choosing the right college major is a crucial first step. While Forensic Science itself is an excellent option, many related majors can also prepare you for specialized roles within the field. Below are some of the best majors for aspiring forensic scientists, each offering unique advantages depending on your career goals:

Forensic Science: A direct and comprehensive major that covers crime scene investigation, lab analysis, and legal procedures. This degree provides a strong foundation in both science and criminal justice, making it ideal for those who want a well-rounded start in the field.
Psychology: Psychology majors can pursue forensic psychology, which deals with criminal behavior, profiling, and mental competency evaluations. This path is ideal if you're interested in the intersection of mental health and the law rather than physical evidence. What are the different areas of psychology aside from forensic psych? Read our article on the topic to learn more.
Biochemistry: Combining biology and chemistry, biochemistry is excellent for forensic careers that involve DNA, enzymes, and metabolic evidence. This major is especially useful if you're aiming to work in high-level research or biotechnology within forensic labs.
Criminal Justice: While less focused on lab science, a criminal justice degree provides important knowledge of legal systems, investigative procedures, and evidence handling. For students wondering what is criminal justice administration, it typically involves managing law enforcement agencies and understanding the broader justice system—pairing this with a science minor or master’s in forensic science can create a powerful combination for field roles.
Computer Science or Cybersecurity: For careers in digital forensics, computer-related majors are increasingly valuable. These programs prepare you to investigate cybercrimes, recover deleted data, and analyze electronic evidence.

How long does it usually take to become a forensic scientist?

Becoming a forensic scientist typically takes 4 to 8 years, depending on the educational path and area of specialization. Most individuals start with a bachelor’s degree in forensic science, biology, chemistry, or a related field, which usually takes four years to complete. This is the minimum educational requirement for most entry-level forensic science positions. During this time, students often gain relevant experience through internships or lab work, which can be crucial for landing a job after graduation.

For those aiming for more specialized roles or leadership positions, additional education is often required. Pursuing a master’s degree in forensic science or a related discipline can take an extra 2 to 3 years, while a Ph.D.—common in academic or high-level research roles—may add another 4 to 6 years. Some forensic scientists also complete postgraduate certificates or professional training programs, which can vary in length but enhance job prospects and earning potential. The timeline can also be extended if individuals choose to gain work experience between degrees or work part-time while studying.

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What jobs can forensic scientists transition into?

Forensic scientists build a diverse set of skills, including analytical thinking, attention to detail, lab expertise, and legal knowledge, that make them well-suited for a variety of careers beyond traditional lab work. Here are some common and rewarding forensic science degree jobs or career transitions for forensic scientists:

Crime Scene Investigator (CSI): Many forensic scientists transition into crime scene investigation roles where they work directly at the scene collecting and documenting evidence. This job requires strong observational skills and allows for more fieldwork and interaction with law enforcement teams, and it can also be a stepping stone for those exploring how to become a forensic ballistics expert through hands-on experience with firearms and trajectory analysis.
Forensic Consultant: Experienced forensic professionals often move into consulting, offering expert analysis and testimony for law firms, private investigators, or media productions. This role provides flexibility and can lead to higher income and broader industry influence.
Intelligence Analyst: Forensic scientists with a knack for pattern recognition and data analysis may move into intelligence roles within agencies like the FBI, DEA, or Homeland Security. These roles involve analyzing crime trends, threat patterns, and forensic data to support national security or criminal investigations.
Policy Advisor or Criminal Justice Reform Advocate: Forensic professionals with an interest in systemic change may transition to roles that influence public policy, forensic standards, or legal frameworks. Their scientific insight can help shape laws, reform justice practices, or establish forensic best practices.
Digital Forensics Examiner: Those with a strong interest in computers and electronics can pivot into cybercrime and digital evidence analysis. This growing field is in high demand and offers careers in both government and private cybersecurity firms.
Private Sector Research Scientist: Forensic experts with lab and technical experience are often recruited by biotech companies or private labs. These roles may focus on developing new testing methods, DNA technologies, or investigative tools used in both criminal and civil investigations.
University Professor or Educator: With advanced degrees and field experience, many forensic scientists become instructors at colleges or training academies. This role allows you to teach the next generation of forensic professionals while continuing to contribute to research or case consulting.

Which states pay forensic scientists the most?

Forensic scientist salaries can vary widely depending on the state, often influenced by factors like demand, cost of living, and local crime rates. Some states offer significantly higher average wages to attract and retain skilled professionals in this competitive field. Below are the top-paying states for forensic scientists in the U.S.:

Alaska ($107,427): Alaska offers the highest average salary for forensic scientists in the U.S. due to its remote geography and limited local talent pool. Professionals who work here often handle a wide range of cases and may travel to serve rural communities, making this a high-responsibility role with excellent compensation and opportunities for independence.
California ($96,156): California's high salaries reflect the complexity and volume of criminal investigations in major metro areas like Los Angeles and San Francisco. Forensic scientists benefit from access to advanced lab technology and large public-sector budgets, making this an ideal state for those seeking career advancement in a high-tech, fast-paced environment.
Utah ($95,125): Utah’s forensic science professionals earn above-average pay, thanks to the state's ongoing investment in criminal justice and forensic infrastructure. With a growing tech presence and collaborative law enforcement community, Utah offers a balanced lifestyle with strong career development potential.
North Dakota ($93,411): North Dakota pays forensic scientists well to help address staffing shortages in its more rural and less densely populated regions. This state is an excellent fit for professionals looking for job security, faster career progression, and a meaningful role in serving underserved areas.
Missouri ($93,108): Missouri offers competitive pay due to its commitment to enhancing forensic capabilities across both urban and rural zones. Cities like St. Louis and Kansas City present varied caseloads and modern lab environments, creating diverse opportunities for hands-on work and career mobility.
Mississippi ($92,744): Mississippi ranks high in forensic science salaries despite a lower cost of living, providing strong value for professionals. The state emphasizes public safety reform and lab expansion, making it a rewarding place to work for those passionate about justice and community impact.

Is forensic science a difficult degree? It can be, but it is very interesting and, as you can see, financially rewarding.

Choosing where to work as a forensic scientist can significantly impact your earning potential and career satisfaction. As seen in the list above, states like Alaska, California, and Utah offer not only some of the highest salaries in the field but also unique opportunities based on geography, specialization, and demand. The table below provides a clear comparison of the top-paying states for forensic scientists:

What are the most affordable options for earning a forensic science degree?

When evaluating forensic science degree programs, prospective students should consider program affordability alongside academic quality. Accredited online options often provide flexibility and competitive pricing, making it easier to balance education costs with career goals. To make an informed decision, compare tuition rates, available financial aid, and scholarship opportunities across multiple programs. Interested applicants can research details on the cheapest forensic science college to find cost-effective solutions without compromising accreditation or program integrity.

Which college is best for forensic science?

When evaluating forensic science programs, prospective students should assess institutions based on accreditation standards, modern laboratory facilities, research opportunities, and industry partnerships. Consider factors such as curriculum relevance, internship placement rates, and faculty expertise to ensure the chosen program aligns with industry demands and technological advancements. For an in-depth comparison and trusted ranking, consult our post What college is best for forensic science?

What certifications are required for forensic scientists?

While not always legally required, certifications for forensic scientists are highly recommended and often preferred by employers. They demonstrate a high level of competence, ethics, and commitment to professional development. The type of certification you pursue typically depends on your forensic specialty. Here are some of the most respected and relevant certifications for forensic scientists, formatted to your preferred style:

American Board of Criminalistics (ABC) Certification: This is one of the most recognized credentials for professionals in forensic biology, chemistry, and DNA analysis. It includes several specialty exams, such as Molecular Biology, Drug Analysis, and Trace Evidence, and requires candidates to pass a rigorous written exam and adhere to a professional code of ethics.
International Association for Identification (IAI) Certification: The IAI offers certifications in latent print examination, bloodstain pattern analysis, footwear and tire impressions, and more. These certifications are ideal for those working in physical evidence analysis and often include both written and practical components.
American Board of Forensic Toxicology (ABFT) Certification: This credential is tailored for forensic toxicologists working in labs or medical examiner offices. It certifies expertise in the analysis of drugs, alcohol, and poisons in biological samples and ensures compliance with professional lab standards.
Digital Forensics Certifications (e.g., CFCE, EnCE, GCFA): Forensic scientists in cybercrime or electronic evidence often pursue digital certifications such as Certified Forensic Computer Examiner (CFCE) or EnCase Certified Examiner (EnCE). These credentials validate your ability to retrieve and analyze data from computers, smartphones, and digital storage in a legally defensible way.
Forensic Anthropology Certification (ABFA): Issued by the American Board of Forensic Anthropology, this is the gold standard for forensic anthropologists. It confirms expertise in analyzing human remains, determining the cause of death, and identifying unknown individuals.

What are the career levels in forensic science?

Forensic science offers a clear path of career progression, from entry-level lab positions to senior leadership and specialized roles. Each stage typically brings increased responsibility, specialization, and salary potential. Here are the main career levels in forensic science, written in your preferred bullet point style:

Entry-Level: Forensic Science Technician – Most professionals begin their careers in this role, performing basic evidence collection, lab testing, and data entry under supervision. A bachelor’s degree in forensic science- or a related field is typically required, and this position offers foundational experience in lab protocols and criminal procedures.
Mid-Level: Forensic Analyst or Specialist – With a few years of experience, professionals may specialize in areas like DNA analysis, toxicology, firearms, or digital forensics. These roles involve more complex testing, independent casework, and may include court testimony and mentoring junior staff.
Senior-Level: Lead Forensic Scientist or Section Supervisor – At this level, professionals oversee case assignments, manage lab teams, and ensure compliance with accreditation standards. They may also be responsible for writing technical procedures and training new analysts in their discipline.
Management-Level: Laboratory Director or Crime Lab Manager – These high-responsibility roles involve administrative leadership, budgeting, personnel oversight, and strategic planning. Managers often coordinate with law enforcement and legal teams while maintaining the lab’s accreditation and quality control systems.
Specialist Roles: Forensic Consultant or Expert Witness – With extensive field experience, forensic scientists can transition into consulting, often working independently to assist in complex legal cases. These roles require strong communication skills, a solid professional reputation, and the ability to present technical findings in court. Furthermore, for those passionate about environmental law, understanding how to become a wildlife forensics specialist can open doors to consulting on cases involving poaching, endangered species, and illegal trade.
Academic/Research Roles: Professor or Forensic Researcher – Forensic professionals with advanced degrees may pursue careers in academia or applied research. These positions allow them to teach, publish, and develop new forensic methods or technologies while influencing the next generation of scientists.

What is the job growth outlook for forensic science careers?

The job outlook for forensic science careers is highly promising, particularly for those starting as forensic science technicians. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment in this field is projected to grow by 14% from 2023 to 2033, which is significantly faster than the average for all occupations. This growth is expected to increase the number of forensic science technician positions from 18,600 in 2023 to 21,200 by 2033.

On average, about 2,700 job openings for forensic science technicians are projected each year over the decade. These openings will arise not only from new job growth but also from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as through retirement. This strong demand reflects the increasing reliance on forensic evidence in criminal investigations and the expansion of forensic services across various sectors. The chart below shows the employment projection numbers for forensic scientists in the U.S. over the next decade:

What additional professional development opportunities can boost a forensic science career?

Continuous professional growth is critical for maintaining relevance in forensic science. Engaging in advanced workshops, interdisciplinary courses, and industry-specific conferences allows professionals to stay abreast of emerging techniques and technological innovations. Moreover, exploring complementary training paths—such as understanding what are the requirements to be an ICE agent—can enhance investigative strategies and offer fresh insights into complex case management.

Here’s what graduates have to say about their forensic science degrees:

Working as a forensic scientist has been incredibly rewarding—every case feels like a puzzle where my work can truly make a difference in someone’s life. I love that I get to combine my passion for science with a mission for justice. – Lena

After specializing in toxicology, I found a career that challenges me intellectually and provides steady growth and job stability. Knowing my work helps determine the truth in court keeps me motivated every single day. – Marcus

From collecting evidence at crime scenes to testifying in court, my journey as a forensic scientist has been both exciting and humbling. No two days are the same, and the impact we have on real-world cases is truly powerful. – Riya

Key Findings

The average salary for forensic scientists in the U.S. is $79,408, with top-paying states offering over $100,000 annually.
It typically takes between 4 to 8 years to become a forensic scientist, including education and training.
Forensic science careers are growing rapidly, with a projected 14% increase in jobs between 2023 and 2033.
There are multiple forensic science specialties, including toxicology, digital forensics, and forensic biology.
Certifications and advanced degrees can significantly boost career advancement and credibility in the field.

Other things you should know about becoming a forensic scientist

Is forensic science the same as criminology or criminal justice?

No, forensic science is distinct from criminology and criminal justice, although they are all related fields. Forensic science focuses on the scientific analysis of physical evidence from crime scenes, using biology, chemistry, and other lab-based methods to help solve crimes. Criminology, on the other hand, studies the causes, patterns, and prevention of criminal behavior, while criminal justice is concerned with the legal and law enforcement systems that process and punish crime. In short, forensic science is more science-based, whereas criminology and criminal justice are more theory and policy-focused.

How can I become a forensic scientist with no experience?

If you’re starting with no experience, the best way to become a forensic scientist is to pursue a degree in forensic science or a closely related field like biology or chemistry. Entry-level roles such as lab assistants or forensic science technicians can provide hands-on exposure and help you build a foundation. Internships, volunteer opportunities in crime labs, and certifications in forensic methods can also strengthen your resume and demonstrate your commitment to the field, even without direct work experience.

How do I choose a forensic science specialization?

Choosing a forensic science specialization depends on your interests, strengths, and long-term goals. If you're passionate about biology and genetics, forensic biology or DNA analysis may be a great fit; if you enjoy working with computers and digital evidence, digital forensics could be ideal. Research different specialties, speak with professionals in the field, and consider what type of work environment you prefer—lab, field, or courtroom—before making your decision. Many programs offer introductory courses or rotations to help you explore various paths before committing.

Can you go from forensic technician to forensic scientist?

Yes, transitioning from forensic technician to forensic scientist is a common and achievable career move. Technicians often start by assisting with evidence handling and basic lab procedures, and with additional education, certifications, or on-the-job training, they can qualify for more analytical and specialized roles. Demonstrating expertise, reliability, and a willingness to take on advanced tasks can help you climb the career ladder within a crime lab or forensic unit.

References:

Concannon, D,. (2024). How to Become a Forensic Scientist. Alliant International University.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2024). OOH: Forensic Science Technicians. U.S. BLS
Zippia. (2025). Forensic Scientist salary. Zippia
ZipRecruiter. (2025). Forensic Scientist Salary. ZipRecruiter