2027 Cost per Credit for Online Geographic Information Systems Master's Programs: Tuition Comparison Guide
Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist
Choosing an online geographic information systems master's program involves more than comparing advertised tuition rates. Differences in per-credit costs can mask additional mandatory fees, residency requirements, or accreditation nuances that impact a degree's workforce value. With 45 percent growth in online graduate enrollments reported by the National Center for Education Statistics in 2024, access is expanding-but so are variations in program affordability and quality.
This guide unpacks those complexities, helping prospective students, whether career changers or place-bound learners, estimate true costs and professional viability. Understanding these factors is essential for maximizing return on investment and ensuring a credential's recognition across industries and licensing bodies.
Key Things to Know About the Cost per Credit for Online Geographic Information Systems Master's Programs
- Per-credit tuition rates often exclude mandatory fees that vary widely, requiring prospective students to calculate a full cost estimate to avoid unexpected financial strain during program completion.
- Accreditation type influences employer recognition; programs with regional accreditation typically yield better workforce mobility, highlighting the tradeoff between lower-cost alternatives and long-term career viability.
- Residency policies and delivery formats affect access timing; as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics in 2024, adult learners increasingly favor online options for immediate enrollment, shaping decisions around program start dates and affordability.
What Is the Average Cost per Credit Hour for Online Geographic Information Systems Master's Programs, and How Does It Compare Across Institution Types?
Focusing on the average cost per credit hour provides sharper clarity than total program tuition when evaluating online Geographic Information Systems master's programs, especially for self-funded students who need to assess the immediate financial burden alongside program length. For instance, a working professional eyeing a shorter, more intensive program could face a higher per-credit charge but lower overall tuition, whereas a recent graduate might find a longer program with moderate per-credit rates more manageable over time.
Among institution types, public universities offer the most affordable in-state rates due to state subsidies but impose steep premiums for out-of-state students, which can double the per-credit cost and undermine anticipated savings. Private nonprofit institutions cluster at higher, more uniform per-credit costs, reflecting their overhead and typically applying consistent pricing regardless of residency.
Private for-profit schools display the widest pricing range, often embedding additional fees within per-credit charges-making it essential to examine net costs after potential financial aid. This variability reflects the need to parse sticker price differences caused by three key factors:
- Residency Status: State-based tuition discounts at public universities significantly impact the net per-credit cost for residents versus nonresidents, altering affordability considerations for place-bound students or those contemplating relocation.
- Ancillary Fees: Mandatory charges such as technology fees, GIS-specific software licenses, or lab access fees frequently inflate the effective per-credit cost beyond advertised tuition, complicating straightforward comparisons.
- Pricing Models: The shift between per-credit fees and flat-rate semester pricing means some programs' apparent per-credit costs can mislead, especially when full-time enrollment limits reimburse fees or access additional resources.
This systematic guide will first dissect base tuition rates across public, private nonprofit, and private for-profit institutions to establish baseline cost expectations. It will then integrate ancillary fees and residency impact analyses to clarify out-of-pocket expenses. Follow-up sections will investigate financial aid opportunities, accreditation status, and delivery formats, crucial for verifying degree value and employer recognition.
This comprehensive approach arms prospective students, including working professionals, recent alumni, and place-bound or first-generation students, with the nuanced insight needed to weigh per-credit costs against total program expenses, ensuring that tuition investment aligns realistically with career objectives in Geographic Information Systems.
Those exploring accelerated pathways may also consider options like an associate degree in 6 months online, illustrating how per-credit cost evaluation extends beyond master's level to broader educational planning.
How Many Credit Hours Are Typically Required to Complete an Online Geographic Information Systems Master's Program, and How Does That Affect Total Tuition?
Choosing a Geographic Information Systems master's program based solely on per-credit tuition may obscure the true investment required, especially when credit-hour requirements vary widely and hidden fees apply. Graduates must weigh the total cost against time-to-degree and employer expectations to ensure both financial and career ROI.
Most online Geographic Information Systems master's degrees require between 30 and 60 credit hours. This range depends heavily on program design factors such as thesis versus non-thesis tracks, accreditation standards, and inclusion of experiential components. These credit-hour differences substantially influence total tuition because the per-credit cost multiplies by the total credits required.
Credit Hour Range: Programs typically cluster around 36 to 40 credits, but those emphasizing research or extensive fieldwork can demand 50 to 60 or more credits, extending both time and cost.
Practicum or Fieldwork Fees: Many GIS programs mandate internship or practicum credits that carry extra per-credit fees or flat surcharges. Such costs, often overlooked in initial calculations, can raise total expenses significantly and skew cost comparisons among otherwise similarly priced programs.
Total Tuition Impact: A lower per-credit rate can be misleading if set against a higher credit requirement or added fees. For example, a 36-credit program charging $700 per credit plus a $1,000 practicum fee totals approximately $26,200, whereas a 50-credit program at $600 per credit with no extra fees costs about $30,000.
Cost Calculation: Prospective students should use the formula Total Credits Required × Per-Credit Tuition + Mandatory Fees to develop a realistic all-in cost estimate for meaningful program comparisons.
Program Comparison Advisory: Evaluating total credit hours, required fees, and accreditation credentials informs decisions better than focusing on per-credit prices alone. This approach supports aspiring GIS professionals and career changers in managing financial planning while aligning with employer and licensure expectations.
Which Online Geographic Information Systems Master's Programs Offer the Lowest Cost per Credit Hour Among Accredited Institutions?
Cost-conscious students evaluating affordable accredited online Geographic Information Systems master's degrees must consider more than just per-credit tuition rates. For example, a working professional budgeting tuition needs to factor in mandatory fees, residency rules, and enrollment conditions that influence the true total cost and eligibility.
Among the lowest per credit hour tuition rates are these regionally accredited programs:
- University of North Dakota: Charges roughly $410 per credit for 33 credits, estimating tuition near $13,530, though additional technology and student fees (about $50/credit) apply.
- Fort Hays State University: Offers $372 per credit restricted to fully online students, totaling approximately $12,360; ancillary fees may increase costs due to program materials and virtual labs.
- University of Southern Mississippi: Lists $350 per credit with an online learner fee of $15/credit, totaling about $11,550; discounted tuition is available for military-affiliated enrollees.
- Kansas State University: Provides a low rate of $299 per credit for a 30-credit program ($8,970 total), but only for full-time students in specific cohorts, limiting accessibility.
- Missouri State University - West Plains: Charges $331 per credit for 30 credits (roughly $9,930 tuition); part-time enrollment is allowed but extends time-to-degree, affecting total investment.
Such enrollment requirements mean these rates may not be universally accessible. Fees for online infrastructure, proctoring, and graduation can add unexpected expenses beyond simple per-credit costs. Tuition often fluctuates year to year, so verifying current rates directly with institutions is critical.
This underscores how a lowest-cost per credit comparison must be integrated with program delivery format, enrollment policies, and fee structures to form a realistic financial outlook. For those transitioning careers or weighing graduate options, a comprehensive evaluation incorporating these factors-and understanding employer valuation of online credentials-is essential for maximizing return on investment when selecting a geographic information systems master's program.
Prospective students seeking to build a well-rounded financial plan should also review strategies common among affordable programs like associate degrees, as they sometimes share cost-saving methodologies relevant to graduate studies.
Online Geographic Information Systems master's programs historically followed the conventional public university model of charging lower tuition to in-state students while imposing higher rates on out-of-state enrollees-even when courses were fully online. This reflected how states traditionally subsidize education for their residents.
For nonresident online students, this could mean doubling the per-credit cost, substantially inflating the total investment required for degree completion and impacting return on investment considerations for financially self-funding learners.
Recently, some public universities have shifted toward flat, residency-neutral tuition for online GIS programs, reflecting a recognition that digital delivery renders geographic boundaries less relevant. This approach simplifies budgeting and broadens access but remains uneven across institutions. Public universities that have embraced uniform per-credit tuition include:
- University of Southern Mississippi: Charges an identical rate for all online students, supporting affordability.
- University of West Florida: Applies consistent pricing to online enrollees regardless of their location.
- Mississippi State University: Offers online GIS students a single tuition rate to ease financial planning.
- University of North Dakota: Implements flat tuition that eliminates residency-based cost barriers.
- Montana State University: Maintains uniform tuition fees for online GIS master's candidates.
Many other programs still use differential tuition, increasing the financial burden on out-of-state students and often requiring navigation of regional reciprocity compacts like WICHE or SREB for reduced rates. Because tuition rules can shift with catalog updates and budget changes, candidates should directly confirm residency policies with bursar or financial aid offices rather than relying solely on published marketing materials.
Such differences affect not only affordability but also strategic enrollment decisions, especially for place-bound or cost-conscious students weighing their options among online GIS programs. A flat tuition structure may mitigate unexpected cost escalations and afford clarity over the entire duration of study, a crucial factor for those balancing family, work, and educational investments.
One graduate recalled applying to an online GIS master's program amid rolling admissions. Initial hesitance arose from uncertainty about whether out-of-state tuition exemptions applied, delaying their submission. After contacting the bursar, they learned the program's flat tuition avoided residency premiums, allowing them to commit promptly. This clarity eased financial anxiety and enabled focused preparation for coursework while managing other life responsibilities.
Per-credit tuition rates for online Geographic Information Systems master's programs frequently obscure the broader financial commitment students face. Mandatory fees, which can increase the overall cost by 10% or more, are often overlooked but significantly affect the true investment required.
For example, a self-funded professional comparing two programs may see a lower per-credit rate at one institution, but once technology, student services, and program fees are factored in, their actual outlay could surpass a higher-tuition competitor's total cost.
- Technology Fees: These cover access to online platforms, specialized software, and digital infrastructure, typically assessed per semester or per credit, resulting in several hundred extra dollars over the program.
- Program Fees: Charged for specialized GIS resources like software licenses or databases, these fees recur each term and vary widely between institutions.
- Student Services Fees: Covering career support, library access, and student activities, these add modest but consistent term-based costs that cumulatively raise expenses.
- Graduation Fees: A one-time charge for credential processing and commencement logistics, often billed in the final term.
- Practicum or Fieldwork Fees: Although less common, these fees apply when programs require supervised field experience or lab access with specialized equipment.
Institutions frequently fail to present these fees transparently alongside tuition, underscoring the importance for prospective students to obtain a full fee breakdown before making enrollment decisions. Without this, cost comparisons risk being misleading.
Calculating an all-in cost per credit by adding prorated fees to advertised tuition provides a more accurate financial picture, enabling better-informed choices aligned with actual budget constraints and workforce outcomes.
Tuition costs for online Geographic Information Systems master's programs vary markedly between public and private universities, often shaping critical financial and career decisions. Public universities generally offer lower per-credit rates due to state subsidization, economies of scale in large enrollment pools, and tuition caps regulated by legislatures.
For example, a resident student enrolling in an in-state public program may pay significantly less per credit than a private nonprofit counterpart, translating into thousands saved across the degree. This structural advantage is particularly meaningful for place-bound or first-generation students managing tight budgets. However, the total cost picture includes mandatory fees and technology expenses, which can narrow public-private price gaps.
Private nonprofit universities, while typically charging higher per-credit tuition, are responding to market pressure with competitively priced programs designed to attract distance learners. Their premiums often reflect smaller cohort sizes, lower faculty-to-student ratios, and enhanced career support services-all of which can facilitate deeper engagement and networking opportunities with employers familiar with strong institutional brands in the Geographic Information Systems field.
These factors can influence long-term employability and early-career advancement, making cost comparisons more nuanced than headline tuition figures suggest.
- Cost Structure: Public institutions leverage state funding and economies of scale to reduce prices, while private nonprofits set tuition based on operational models without state subsidies.
- Value Differentiation: Higher tuition at private schools may buy more personalized instruction and brand recognition valued by some employers in GIS-related industries.
- Financial Aid and Fees: Both sectors factor in mandatory fees and potential aid, essential in developing an accurate all-in cost estimate.
- Accreditation and Licensure: Program credibility remains paramount; regardless of price, accreditation status and licensure eligibility affect credential acceptance by employers and licensing boards.
Evaluating tuition rates alongside these qualitative elements enables prospective students-whether recent graduates or working professionals transitioning careers-to make informed investments in their education. For those comparing offers, integrating cost differences between public and private universities for online Geographic Information Systems master's programs with program outcomes and career service quality is essential.
Students should also explore financial aid structures and factor in hidden costs when estimating net expenses.
Those interested in broader graduate education financing strategies may also consult resources like the accelerated business program guides to understand how tuition models can vary by program type and format, providing insights transferrable to Geographic Information Systems master's degree comparisons.
Locked-in tuition rates in online Geographic Information Systems master's programs can decisively impact long-term financial planning by insulating students from incremental cost increases. For professionals stretching their studies across multiple years, or for those balancing unpredictable income streams, a tuition lock offers budget stability, which non-guaranteed rate programs might erode as tuition rises. However, these policies vary significantly.
Some institutions apply the lock on a cohort basis, safeguarding the rate for students starting in the same term, while others renew or reassess rates annually or enforce it only for a predetermined number of semesters. Crucially, maintaining continuous enrollment without extended breaks is often required to preserve the locked rate, and failure to meet such conditions may void the guarantee, exposing the student to higher costs mid-program.
Part-time students are particularly vulnerable to tuition inflation, making a tuition lock a valuable risk management tool for projective budgeting and avoiding unexpected debt growth. Yet the presence of a lock should not be accepted at face value; prospective enrollees must directly confirm policy details and secure written assurances before incorporating locked tuition into cost comparisons.
Overlooking policy nuances risks underestimating true program expenses and undermines financial planning integrity.
- Lock Structure: Often organized per cohort, academic year, or fixed semesters.
- Eligibility Requirements: Continuous enrollment and adherence to administrative terms.
- Financial Impact: Protects against tuition hikes, especially important for part-time pacing.
- Verification Advice: Obtain written confirmation of all terms and conditions.
A recent graduate from an online Geographic Information Systems master's program recalled hesitating during admissions due to a rolling enrollment model where tuition locks were contingent on the specific term of admission. They delayed official application submission while preparing prerequisite coursework, only to learn later that the tuition rate had increased for the subsequent cohort.
This experience underscored the importance of timing and confirming when the tuition lock applies, as deferring admission by a few months can shift financial expectations significantly. Their case illustrates how strategic timing and clear understanding of tuition lock policies can safeguard against unforeseen cost exposures during the extended decision and enrollment process typical for adult learners.
Reducing the net cost of an online geographic information systems master's degree requires navigating a complex array of financial aid options that extend beyond published tuition rates. For many, federal unsubsidized loans offer a baseline financing solution with stable terms but do not lower upfront costs.
Graduate assistantships, common on-campus, often come with tuition waivers and stipends; however, these are typically less accessible to remote students, limiting their impact on online cohorts.
- Federal Loans: These loans provide essential, predictable funding for most graduate students but accrue interest immediately, so long-term financial planning is key.
- Graduate Assistantships: While valuable for on-campus students, eligibility is often restricted for online learners due to requirements for physical presence, which can increase the actual net cost for remote enrollees.
- Institutional Scholarships: At the graduate level, especially for online geographic information systems students, scholarships are fewer and commonly merit-based; financial need is less frequently prioritized compared to undergraduate awards.
- Professional Association Awards: Targeted grants and scholarships from GIS-related organizations can meaningfully defray expenses but require active professional or research involvement, making them competitive and uncertain.
- Employer Tuition Reimbursement: This is often the most impactful aid for working professionals, with many employers offering partial to full coverage capped by performance or employment duration. Notably, the IRS excludes up to $5,250 per year of employer-provided educational assistance from taxable income, allowing savvy candidates to negotiate favorable tuition benefits before enrolling.
The practical relevance of these cost reduction methods strongly depends on an individual's employment status, geographic flexibility, and program delivery mode. Working professionals, who constitute a significant share of online GIS master's students, should evaluate employer tuition reimbursement as a primary financial aid avenue.
First-generation students and recent undergraduates must carefully assess whether assistantships or institutional scholarships are feasible given eligibility constraints. Prospective students are advised to obtain detailed net cost estimates directly from financial aid offices instead of relying on sticker prices, as this aids in building a fully transparent budget inclusive of hidden fees and available aid.
Enrollment timing data indicates that nearly 40% of graduate GIS applicants submit materials in the last two months before deadlines, underscoring the importance of early financial aid inquiry to capitalize on scarce merit scholarships and employer benefits, which have finite availability.
Comparing programs on net costs alongside accreditation and licensure ramifications will better align financial decisions with long-term employability and career outcomes. For those seeking quick certifications complementary to graduate study, strategic financial planning can help optimize overall return on investment.
Cost per credit for online Geographic Information Systems master's programs varies notably by delivery format, reflecting real differences in institutional resource allocation and student impact. Synchronous programs generally exhibit higher per-credit tuition, justified by the expenses tied to live-session technology, precise scheduling, and dedicated technical support during fixed hours.
This investment in real-time engagement often translates into better immediate interaction but imposes rigidity on working professionals, potentially delaying degree completion and increasing total costs beyond tuition alone.
On the other hand, fully asynchronous offerings leverage scalability through pre-recorded content and flexible access. This model often results in lower per-credit costs without sacrificing faculty involvement but shifts demand onto self-motivation and effective time management. Such programs may enable faster and steadier progress, critical for students balancing work or family commitments, making them a cost-efficient choice over time.
Hybrid formats blend online study with limited campus presence, which can equal or exceed synchronous per-credit charges due to ongoing facility maintenance and additional in-person service requirements. These programs frequently involve indirect expenses such as travel, lodging, and childcare, factors essential to budgeting yet easily overlooked.
Professionals evaluating tuition differences for synchronous vs asynchronous Geographic Information Systems master's courses must weigh these trade-offs carefully. The best approach considers not just sticker price but the overall fit between delivery format, personal obligations, and learning style-selecting a path that sustains momentum and minimizes hidden financial burdens.
Given these complexities, prospective students should construct a comprehensive financial estimate incorporating tuition, mandatory fees, indirect costs, and anticipated time-to-degree.
- Institutional Costs: Synchronous programs demand significant investment in live-session technology, robust scheduling infrastructure, and technical support during specific time slots. This often results in slightly higher per-credit tuition compared to fully asynchronous formats, which can scale content delivery more efficiently without real-time engagement expenses.
- Scalability and Pricing: Asynchronous programs leverage pre-recorded lectures and flexible access, enabling institutions to enroll more students with fewer incremental costs. This scalability can translate into lower per-credit rates, though program quality and faculty involvement remain key differentiators.
- Hybrid Format Implications: Hybrid programs combine online and limited on-campus components, sometimes causing comparable or higher per-credit charges due to maintaining physical facilities and in-person services. These programs may also require students to budget for travel, lodging, and childcare-hidden costs that can substantially affect the overall financial burden.
- Time-to-Degree and Scheduling Tradeoffs: While synchronous formats offer real-time interaction, fixed schedules can constrain working professionals' flexibility. Delays in course completion can inflate the total cost of the degree beyond tuition alone. Conversely, asynchronous programs may facilitate faster or more consistent progress by fitting learning around varied work and family commitments.
- Fit and Efficiency: Cost efficiency depends not only on tuition rates but on how well the delivery format aligns with a student's lifestyle and learning preferences. Students who select a format that supports continuous momentum often minimize the long-term financial and opportunity costs associated with extended enrollment.
For those comparing offers and seeking nuanced tuition differences across delivery methods, examining online Geographic Information Systems master's programs with a lens on these structural and indirect cost factors is crucial. Combining such analysis with accreditation and licensure considerations ensures the credential's professional viability and real-world value.
More broadly, detailed research into options like data analytics masters programs can offer further insight into cost structures and employability outcomes in related technical fields.
Minimum GPA requirements for admission to online Geographic Information Systems master's programs typically center around a 3.0 undergraduate GPA, reflecting a fundamental academic standard rather than a full predictor of admission. Some programs accept GPAs as low as 2.75, often offsetting this with professional experience or prerequisite coursework, while highly selective programs may require a minimum of 3.5 to manage competitive applicant pools.
This minimum serves as a threshold, not a guarantee; real-world cohorts at selective institutions often have mean GPAs considerably higher than the stated baseline, imposing an effective barrier for applicants near the cutoff.
For working professionals aiming to pivot careers or recent graduates evaluating financial return on investment, this dynamic means realistically assessing where one's academic profile fits is critical. Applicants near minimum GPA requirements might find greater admission success and comparable per-credit tuition rates at moderately selective programs, which sometimes offer similar credential value without the admission pressure of top-tier institutions.
- Selectivity and Cost: Unlike common assumptions, greater selectivity in Geographic Information Systems programs does not necessarily translate to higher per-credit tuition. Many selective programs maintain competitive pricing relative to peers, making cost alone a poor indicator of program prestige or admission difficulty.
- Applicant Strategy: Identifying at least one or two programs where academic credentials clearly exceed minimum requirements enables focused admissions efforts and more reliable financial planning.
- Admission Complexity: GPA represents only one component; factors such as work experience, statements of purpose, and recommendations heavily influence outcomes, particularly in selective cohorts.
- Workforce Implications: Since Geographic Information Systems roles often reward practical skills and certification alongside degrees, choosing programs that balance admission feasibility and cost can optimize career entry without overextending tuition budgets.
What Graduates Say About the Cost per Credit for Online Geographic Information Systems Master's Programs
- Kaiden: "Balancing a full-time job and family made me prioritize a program that offered asynchronous classes without strict deadlines, which is why I opted for the online Geographic Information Systems master's. The workload was intense, but the flexibility allowed me to complete a strong portfolio, which proved crucial since many employers value practical projects over formal licensure in this field. While I didn't land a high-salary role immediately, the internship opportunities through the program gave me meaningful experience and a stepping stone into a GIS analyst position."
- Hank: "I had to consider budget constraints heavily before choosing an online master's in Geographic Information Systems. I chose a program that was more affordable but recognized that it wouldn't open every door immediately; without licensure, I knew advancement in some sectors would be limited. However, the real-world focus helped me secure several freelance GIS contracts and build a diverse project portfolio, which local employers seemed to prioritize more than certifications, so it became a practical career pivot rather than a direct promotion tool."
- Colton: "After deciding to switch careers midstream, I was drawn to online Geographic Information Systems programs for their remote learning and quicker entry into the workforce. Though the fast pace was challenging, I ended up completing the degree alongside an internship that was pivotal in making real hiring connections. I've since realized that while some advanced roles require licensure, many companies hire based on proven skills and experience, so the program's emphasis on applied GIS tools has been invaluable to my ongoing career development."
Other Things You Should Know About Geographic Information Systems Degrees
Beyond tuition, students encounter mandatory fees for technology, software licenses (especially GIS-specific platforms like ArcGIS), proctored exams, and potential travel for in-person residencies. These add 10-20% to the base tuition cost and can significantly affect total expenses. Factoring these in upfront helps avoid surprises and informs better budgeting when evaluating programs whose advertised per-credit costs seem low but add up in fees.
Since credit cost doesn't capture full program expenses or outcomes, students should analyze all-in costs, including fees, length of program, and course load flexibility alongside the reputation of the institution. Cheaper per-credit rates can result in longer time to completion or lower-quality instruction, reducing cost-effectiveness. Prioritize programs with transparent total cost estimates and clear employer or licensure relevance rather than just low sticker prices.
For-profit programs often advertise competitive per-credit rates but typically have higher mandatory fees and less rigorous GIS curricula aligned with industry needs. This can lead to lower employer recognition and challenges in obtaining professional certifications. Nonprofit programs, while more expensive per credit, tend to deliver stronger academic rigor and better networking opportunities, making them a safer long-term investment despite the higher initial cost.
- Best Masters in GIS Degree Programs Online for 2026 http://www.gisdegrees.org/programs/degree/masters
- Average Cost of a Master's Degree: 2025 Analysis https://educationdata.org/average-cost-of-a-masters-degree
- Guide to Master's in GIS Programs - GISDegree.org https://www.gisdegree.org/programs/masters/
- Companies That Pay for Your Degree | ComputerScience.org https://www.computerscience.org/resources/companies-that-pay-for-college/
- Bachelor of Applied Technology Geographic Information Systems https://www.sait.ca/programs-and-courses/degrees/bachelor-of-applied-technology-geographic-information-systems
- Geographic Information Systems AS Degree | Shasta College https://www.shastacollege.edu/academics/programs/geographic-information-systems/geographic-information-systems-as-degree/
- Getting Your Employer to Pay for Your Online Masters https://www.onlinemastersdegrees.org/financial-aid/employer-tuition-assistance/
- Geografia specjalność: Geographic Information Systems https://study.gov.pl/university-silesia-katowice-4
- Best GIS Masters Programs in The World: Geographic Information Science Guide https://www.directionsmag.com/articles/best-gis-masters-programs-in-the-world-geographic-information-science-guide
- Financial Aid for Master's Degrees https://online.norwich.edu/online/paying/financial-aid-masters-degrees
