Best Nursing Schools in Toledo, OH 2025 – Accredited Nursing Degree Programs Online

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Toledo is a city located in Lucas County, Ohio, with a labor force participation rate of 62.2% and an employment rate of 56.7% (World Population Review, 2023). These data points indicate a strong job market and a healthy economy. One of the main drivers of these is the healthcare industry.

Between 2020 and 2030, the healthcare industry in Toledo is projected to experience job growth, particularly among healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. One such occupation is registered nursing. In 2020, healthcare professions and technical roles in Toledo employed 22,312 individuals. By 2030, experts project that the number will rise to 22,410, indicating an increase of 98 jobs (Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, 2023). All of this makes Toledo an ideal place to begin one’s nursing career.

If you want to pursue a career in nursing in Toledo, finding the best nursing school is crucial for success. In this guide, our team of review experts will explore some of the best in Toledo, mostly offering different levels of nursing programs online.

Best Nursing Schools in Toledo, OH 2025 Table of Contents

The State of Nursing in Toledo, OH
Why become a nurse in Toledo, OH?
2025 Top-Ranked Entry-Level Nursing Programs in Toledo, OH
2025 List of Bridge Programs for Nursing in Toledo, OH
2025 Best Advanced Nursing Programs in Toledo, OH
How to Navigate the Admissions Process for Nursing Programs in Toledo, OH
What Should I Consider When Choosing a BSN Online Program?
Key Challenges for Nurses in Toledo, OH
Exploring Career Pathways Beyond Traditional Nursing Roles in Toledo, OH
Are Accelerated BSN Online Programs Right for Quickly Advancing My Nursing Career?
Are Bridge Programs Essential for Transitioning to Advanced Practice?
Can I Complete a BSN Online Without Traditional Clinical Components?
Is an Online RN to MSN Program the Right Step for Advancing My Career?
How Can I Finance My Nursing Education in Toledo, OH?
What is the fastest way to become a nurse practitioner?

The State of Nursing in Toledo, OH

The job market is good for registered nurses (RNs) in Toledo. Over the past year, the number of registered nurse positions in the city has increased by 258%. At present, there are a total of 7,980 available job openings for RNs in Toledo (Zippia, 2023).

Suppose you want to practice nursing in Toledo. You will have to acquire nursing licensure in Ohio first. The following are the requirements set by the Ohio Board of Nursing (NursingExams.org, n.d.):

Finishing an approved nursing education program in Ohio
Submitting an application for licensure to the board
Passing the National Council Licensure Exam (NCLEX)

The NCLEX Ohio exam is designed to assess the competency of entry-level nurses, and passing it is a mandatory step for individuals who wish to become registered nurses or licensed vocational nurses (LVNs) practicing in the state.

The table below represents the 2021 first-time candidate pass rates for the NCLEX in Ohio.

Exam Version

Total Exams Administered

Total Passing Candidates

Pass Rate

NCLEX-PN

3,185

2,337

73.38%

NCLEX-RN

9,299

7,353

79.07%

Combined Total

12,484

9,690

77.62%

Why become a nurse in Toledo, OH?

Nurses can expect to make a good living because of the abundance of jobs and high wages in Toledo. The base salary of registered nurses in Toledo is $82,986 (Salary.com, 2023).

The degree or educational requirements to be a registered nurse can be an associate’s degree (ADN) or a bachelor’s degree (BSN). Clinical work is also part of the curriculum for either degree. You must also pass the National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX) before the state grants you a license.

RNs play a critical role in providing high-quality patient care. So expect a wide range of job opportunities in various healthcare settings. For instance, you can apply for healthcare administration positions by obtaining experience in leadership positions. Health services administrators in Toledo receive a median salary of $81,906 (Salary.com, 2023).

The strong demand for healthcare management professionals clearly reflects the medical industry’s reliance on their specialized skills. In fact, about 54,700 job opportunities are projected to open for these workers each year. Employment opportunities for medical and health services managers are expected to grow significantly by 28% between 2022 and 2032.

Research.com’s team of review experts has gathered the most affordable colleges and universities offering healthcare management programs to help you streamline your search.

What additional resources are available for nursing students in Toledo, OH?

Nursing students in Toledo have access to various resources that can enhance their educational experience and career readiness. These resources include:

Academic Advising: Most nursing programs offer academic advising to help students navigate their coursework and plan their careers effectively. Advisors can assist with course selection, scheduling, and program requirements.
Clinical Placement Services: Many nursing schools provide assistance with finding clinical placements. These services connect students with local healthcare facilities, ensuring they gain practical experience in diverse clinical settings.
Student Organizations: Joining nursing associations or student organizations allows students to network, participate in events, and engage in community service, enhancing their professional development.
Career Services: Career centers often assist nursing students with resume writing, interview preparation, and job search strategies. They may also host job fairs featuring local healthcare employers.
Scholarships and Financial Aid: Numerous scholarships are available for nursing students in Toledo, helping to offset tuition costs. Financial aid offices can guide students through application processes.
Online Resources and Libraries: Access to online databases, nursing journals, and e-books helps students stay current with industry standards and research developments. Libraries often host workshops on research methods and academic writing.

2025 Top-Ranked Entry-Level Nursing Programs in Toledo, OH

To become a part of the next generation of nurses, choosing the right nursing program to enroll in is essential. To help you with your search, we have gathered some of the top nursing schools in Toledo, Ohio, that offer introductory nursing programs.

1. Owens Community College AAS

Owens Community College offers a registered nurse program, associate of applied science (AAS), to prepare graduates for a variety of healthcare settings. The program integrates coursework at Owens Community College with supervised hands-on training in client care within healthcare facilities and community organizations.

Program Length: Two years
Tracks/concentrations: No specific tracks or concentrations
Cost per Credit/Tuition: Not specified
Required Credits to Graduate: 65-67
Accreditation: Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN)

2. Richard Medical Academy PN

Richard Medical Academy is a school in Toledo offering a practical nursing program (PN). It is a one year full-time accelerated program that students can complete in four quarters. In-person classes are scheduled from Mondays to Thursdays, while clinical hours vary by site.

Program Length: One year
Tracks/concentrations: Not specified
Cost per Credit/Tuition: $17,853.62
Required Credits to Graduate: PN at Richard is a clock hour program with a total of 1,260 hours divided into lab, theory, and clinical instructional experiences
Accreditation: Ohio Board of Nursing

3. Hondros College of Nursing PN

Hondros College of Nursing offers an LPN program in Toledo, Ohio. This campus-based program prepares students to earn their practical nursing diploma and become licensed practical nurses by taking the NCLEX-PN.

Program Length: 12 months
Tracks/concentrations: Not specified
Cost per Credit/Tuition: $18,480
Required Credits to Graduate: 48 credits
Accreditation: The National League for Nursing Commission for Nursing Education Accreditation (NLN CNEA)

4. Davis College ADN

Davis College offers an associate degree in registered nursing program designed to equip students with the skills necessary to enter the healthcare industry as RNs.

Program Length: Not specified
Tracks/concentrations: The core concepts of the program includes health care recipients, health and illness, and professional nursing and healthcare
Cost per Credit/Tuition: Not specified
Required Credits to Graduate: Not specified
Accreditation: Ohio State Board of Career Colleges and Schools and the Ohio Board of Nursing

5. University of Toledo BSN

The University of Toledo’s nursing program includes a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) that leads to nursing licensure. Students enrolled in the program must complete 120 credit hours with an overall grade point average of 2.0 or higher.

Program Length: Four years
Tracks/concentrations: Not specified
Cost per Credit/Tuition: $12,558 per year
Required Credits to Graduate: 120 credits
Accreditation: Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE)

2025 List of Bridge Programs for Nursing in Toledo, OH

Several nursing schools in Toledo offer bridge programs designed for individuals who have already obtained nursing education. You can explore your options for the cheapest RN to BSN program, LPN to RN degree, ADN to BSN education, and so on. These programs allow aspiring professionals to enrich their careers by building on their existing degrees and skills.

Here are a few bridge programs available for nursing in Toledo, mainly offering the fastest online RN to BSN program.

1. University of Toledo RN to BSN

The University of Toledo’s RN to BSN program is designed for registered nurses who want to earn a bachelor’s degree in nursing. The online program offers a self-paced learning environment ideal for working adults.

Program Length: 12 months
Tracks/concentrations: Not specified
Cost per Credit/Tuition: For in-state and out-of-state students with 12-18 credit hours, the tuition is $5,142.36
Required Credits to Graduate: 30 credit hours

2. Mercy College of Ohio RN to BSN

Mercy College of Ohio offers an online RN to BSN degree program designed for individuals who already have an RN license and hold either a diploma or an associate’s degree in nursing. Applicants must submit all official transcripts of previous coursework with a minimum cumulative GPA of 2.0.

Program Length: One year
Tracks/concentrations: Not specified
Cost per Credit/Tuition: $540.00 (Undergraduate tuition per credit hour)
Required Credits to Graduate: 32 to 39 credit hours for RN
Accreditation: CCNE

3. Bowling Green State University RN to BSN

Bowling Green State University offers an online RN to BSN program designed for working registered nurses to complete the BSN degree in a flexible manner. Students can complete the program in as little as three semesters.

Program Length: 12 months
Tracks/concentrations: Not specified
Cost per Credit/Tuition: The tuition estimate is $12,170
Required Credits to Graduate: 30 credit hours
Accreditation: CCNE

4. Lourdes University RN to BSN

Lourdes University offers an online RN to BSN program designed for working adults who want to expand their employment opportunities. The program’s learning outcomes include patient-centered care, safety, collaboration, and leadership.

Program Length: 12 months
Tracks/concentrations: Not specified
Cost per Credit/Tuition: $5,000 per competency-based education (CBE) term
Required Credits to Graduate: 30 credit hours
Accreditation: CCNE

5. Owens Community College Pre-LPN to RN

Owens Community College offers a pre-LPN to RN program on its Toledo and Findlay campuses. Students who plan on applying for admission to the Owen Licensed Practical Nursing Associate Degree Nursing Progression program must have a regular meeting with an advisor. The pre-LPN to RN program is designed to prepare students for the NCLEX-RN exam and for entry-level positions as registered nurses.

Program Length: Not specified
Tracks/concentrations: Not specified
Cost per Credit/Tuition: $124 per credit hour for in-district students, $139.50 per credit hour for in-state students, and $155 per credit hour for out-of-state students
Required Credits to Graduate: 62-66 credits

2025 Best Advanced Nursing Programs in Toledo, OH

About 6.47% of Toledo residents obtained a graduate degree (World Population Review, 2023). RNs who want to pursue higher education can consider advanced nursing programs in Toledo, including the cheapest online nursing master’s programs and the best doctor of nursing practice degrees, to expand their expertise.

1. University of Toledo MSN

The University of Toledo offers a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) program that prepares registered nurses with a baccalaureate as advanced practice nurses (APRNs) and nurse educators.

Program Length: Two years
Tracks/concentrations: Clinical nurse leader graduate entry, family nurse practitioner (FNP), nursing leadership, and nursing education
Cost per Credit/Tuition: $639.75 for in-state students with >= 16 credit hours and $1,122.64 for out-of-state students with >= 16 credit hours
Required Credits to Graduate: 36 credits

2. University of Toledo DNP

The University of Toledo offers a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) program designed to take BSN-credentialed nurses to the highest level of clinical practice. The program is divided into two pathways: Post-Baccalaureate to DNP and Post-Master’s to DNP, which are available online.

Program Length: Not specified
Tracks/concentrations: Offers several tracks, including adult gerontology acute care nurse practitioner
Cost per Credit/Tuition: $784.83 for in-state students with >= 16 credit hours and $1,267.72 for out-of-state students with >= 16 credit hours
Required Credits to Graduate: 36 to 39 units, depending on the chosen pathway

3. Lourdes University DEMSN

Lourdes University’s Direct Entry Master of Science in Nursing program prepares aspiring nurses with a bachelor’s degree in a field other than nursing. The instructors at Lourdes teach DEMSN coursework through a combination of face-to-face and online instruction, while they conduct clinical training in a variety of healthcare settings under their supervision.

Program Length: 20 months
Tracks/concentrations: Does not offer any specific tracks or concentrations
Cost per Credit/Tuition: $685 per credit hour
Required Credits to Graduate: 66 credits

4. Lourdes University DNP

Lourdes University offers a fully online DNP program in Leadership for Population Health. This program aims to help nurses lead and develop innovative healthcare delivery in a variety of settings.

Program Length: Not specified
Tracks/concentrations: Leadership for Population Health
Cost per Credit/Tuition: $1,020 per credit hour
Required Credits to Graduate: 37 credit hours

5. Mercy College of Ohio MSN

Mercy College of Ohio offers an online MSN program available in two tracks: leadership and education. The program has minimal requirements, with no need for GRE scores or on-campus residency.

Program Length: Six semesters
Tracks/concentrations: Nursing Leadership and Nursing Education
Cost per Credit/Tuition: Not specified
Required Credits to Graduate: 36 credit hours

How to Navigate the Admissions Process for Nursing Programs in Toledo, OH

Applying to nursing programs in Toledo, OH, can be a competitive process, but understanding the admissions requirements and preparing effectively can increase your chances of success. Whether you’re a recent high school graduate or a career changer, it’s essential to know what to expect and how to position yourself as a strong candidate.

Steps to Simplify the Admissions Process:

Research Admission Criteria: Nursing programs in Toledo vary in their requirements. Some may have high GPA thresholds or require specific prerequisite courses, while others are more accessible. If you’re looking for programs with fewer barriers, researching the easiest nursing programs to get into can help you identify schools that align with your qualifications.
Prepare Required Documents: Most nursing programs require a combination of transcripts, letters of recommendation, and a personal statement. Start gathering these materials early to avoid delays in the application process.
Complete Entrance Exams: Some programs may require standardized tests like the Test of Essential Academic Skills (TEAS). Familiarize yourself with the test format and allocate time for preparation to achieve a competitive score.
Consider Financial Aid Options: Research scholarships, grants, and financial aid opportunities available for nursing students in Toledo. Many programs offer resources to help students afford their education.
Leverage Networking Opportunities: Connect with current students, alumni, or faculty members to gain insights into the program. Building these relationships can also help you stand out during the admissions process.

What Should I Consider When Choosing a BSN Online Program?

When evaluating a BSN online program, it is essential to assess factors such as accreditation, curriculum rigor, and clinical placement opportunities. Consider the program’s cost efficiency, flexibility in course scheduling, and availability of student support services tailored for online learners. Verify that the program meets both state and national standards, which can enhance future employment prospects. For a comprehensive comparison of reputable online nursing programs, review BSN online options that align with your professional goals without compromising on quality and practical training.

Key Challenges for Nurses in Toledo, OH

Nursing is a rewarding profession, but it comes with challenges, especially in a city like Toledo. Understanding these issues can help aspiring nurses prepare for the field's demands and make informed career decisions.

Staffing Shortages: One of Toledo's most pressing challenges is the ongoing shortage of nurses. Despite a strong job market, many healthcare facilities struggle to maintain adequate staffing levels, leading to longer hours and increased workloads for current staff.
Burnout and Stress: Toledo nurses often face burnout due to high patient volumes and demanding schedules. Managing stress while delivering quality care is a significant challenge that requires strong support systems and self-care strategies.
Adapting to Technological Advancements: As healthcare technology rapidly evolves, nurses in Toledo must continuously learn to use new systems and equipment. While these advancements improve patient care, they can also create stress for those unfamiliar with the latest tools.
Caring for an Aging Population: Toledo has a growing number of elderly residents, increasing the need for specialized care in chronic disease management, long-term care, and geriatric nursing. This adds complexity to the role and requires additional training for many nurses.
Balancing Professional and Personal Life: The demands of nursing can make it challenging to achieve work-life balance. Nurses in Toledo often work long shifts, which can interfere with personal and family time.

Despite these challenges, nursing in Toledo remains a fulfilling career with excellent growth opportunities. Aspiring nurses can overcome these obstacles by choosing the right nursing program and exploring career pathways, such as highest paying nursing jobs, to ensure a rewarding future in healthcare.

Exploring Career Pathways Beyond Traditional Nursing Roles in Toledo, OH

Nurses in Toledo, Ohio, often explore diverse avenues to grow their careers beyond traditional nursing roles. Opportunities such as nurse leadership, health informatics, and advanced practice nursing provide professionals the chance to specialize and make a broader impact in healthcare.

The field of advanced nursing stands out as an attractive option for registered nurses (RNs) seeking to elevate their careers. Enrolling in programs like the easiest RN to MSN online program can open doors to roles such as Nurse Educator, Nurse Practitioner, or Clinical Nurse Leader. These roles not only offer higher earning potential but also play a pivotal role in shaping the future of healthcare delivery.

Additionally, health informatics is a rapidly expanding field that enables nurses to leverage data analytics and technology to improve patient outcomes. Registered nurses with informatics expertise can serve as a vital link between clinical teams and IT departments to optimize healthcare systems.

Leadership roles in nursing are also highly sought after in Toledo, owing to the city's strong healthcare organizations. Health systems such as ProMedica actively encourage RNs to transition into managerial and executive positions through specialized training and master’s-level programs.

By diversifying their skill sets, Toledo nurses can position themselves as versatile professionals in a competitive job market. Whether through leadership, advanced clinical practice, or technological expertise, these pathways help nurses address complex healthcare challenges while achieving personal career satisfaction.

Discover the Top Nursing Schools Located in Toledo, OH

Exploring the top nursing schools in Toledo is a crucial step towards discovering the pathway to success in the field of nursing. By receiving academic and practical training from these institutions, you can develop your skills and knowledge, enabling you to excel in the healthcare industry.

Meanwhile, if you are looking for an LPN program that allows you to complete training in as little as 12 months, check out our guide for the best online LPN programs in 2023.

Are Accelerated BSN Online Programs Right for Quickly Advancing My Nursing Career?

Accelerated BSN online programs are crafted for nursing professionals who need to fast‐track their education without pausing their careers. They offer a condensed curriculum that maintains academic rigor and clinically relevant training while providing the flexibility required by busy professionals. These programs enable students to transition swiftly into advanced nursing roles, ensuring timely entry into the workforce with competitive competencies. For a detailed comparison of program options, review accelerated BSN online programs.

Are Bridge Programs Essential for Transitioning to Advanced Practice?

Bridge programs offer a focused pathway for registered nurses aiming to specialize in advanced clinical roles without starting from scratch. These programs integrate accelerated coursework with comprehensive clinical practice that prepares professionals for specialized roles in patient care and leadership. For instance, programs such as RN to FNP bridge programs streamline the transition to roles like Family Nurse Practitioner by combining theoretical knowledge with immediately applicable skills. Designed for working professionals, these bridge programs facilitate career advancement through flexible learning formats and targeted curriculum that addresses current industry standards and emerging healthcare needs.

Can I Complete a BSN Online Without Traditional Clinical Components?

Many accredited BSN online programs now incorporate advanced simulation technologies, virtual patient interactions, and telehealth practicum experiences to satisfy clinical competencies. These innovative approaches can reduce or replace traditional in-person clinicals for students who already have prior hands-on experience, while still meeting state licensure requirements. For further details on programs that offer this streamlined clinical approach, review RN to BSN 100 online no clinicals.

Is an Online RN to MSN Program the Right Step for Advancing My Career?

For registered nurses aiming to expand their scope into leadership roles, advanced practice, and specialized fields, an online RN to MSN pathway offers a streamlined option to earn a graduate-level credential while maintaining work-life balance. Evaluating critical factors such as accreditation, curriculum rigor, clinical components, and technological support is essential when choosing a program. Prospective students should consider how an online pathway can provide enhanced networking opportunities and practical, real-world simulations that foster professional growth. For a review of affordable and reputable options, explore online RN to MSN programs.

How Can I Finance My Nursing Education in Toledo, OH?

Nursing education costs can vary widely, making it essential to explore all available funding options. Evaluate federal and state grants, specialized scholarships offered by local institutions, and student loan programs designed for healthcare studies. Additionally, some schools partner with community organizations to provide dedicated financial aid packages for nursing students. For advanced education pathways, consider reviewing cheapest nurse practitioner programs as a benchmark for affordability and program quality.

What is the fastest way to become a nurse practitioner?

Accelerated pathways combine intensive coursework and targeted clinical experiences to reduce the time required for advanced practice transition. These programs focus on efficient preparation for licensing exams and real-world application of skills, ensuring that graduates can enter roles such as nurse practitioner in a shorter timeframe. Choosing an accredited, competency-based curriculum that aligns with your career objectives and scheduling needs is essential. For detailed insights on program durations and strategies to fast-track your career, explore the shortest path to becoming a nurse practitioner.

Key Insights

Growing Job Market for Nurses: Toledo is experiencing significant job growth in the healthcare sector, particularly for registered nurses. The number of RN positions has increased by 258% over the past year.
High Salary Potential: Registered nurses in Toledo can expect a competitive salary, with an average base salary of $82,986, making nursing a financially rewarding career in the city.
Educational Opportunities: Toledo offers a variety of nursing programs ranging from entry-level to advanced degrees. This includes associate degrees, bachelor's degrees, and specialized programs like RN to BSN and MSN.
Strong NCLEX Pass Rates: Ohio nursing programs have solid NCLEX pass rates, with the NCLEX-RN pass rate at 79.07% and NCLEX-PN at 73.38%, ensuring well-prepared graduates.
Advanced Nursing Degrees: For those looking to advance their careers, Toledo offers MSN and DNP programs that prepare nurses for roles as nurse practitioners, nurse leaders, and educators.
Cost-Effective Education: Many of the nursing programs in Toledo, such as those at Owens Community College and the University of Toledo, offer affordable tuition rates, making nursing education accessible.
High Demand for Healthcare Managers: The demand for healthcare management professionals is growing, with a projected 28% job growth, providing additional career advancement opportunities for nurses.

FAQ

What is the current job market for nurses in Toledo, OH?

The job market for nurses in Toledo is very strong, with a 258% increase in RN positions over the past year. There are currently 7,980 job openings for registered nurses in the city.

What is the average salary for registered nurses in Toledo?

The average base salary for registered nurses in Toledo is $82,986, making it a well-paying profession in the city.

What are the educational requirements to become a registered nurse in Toledo?

To become a registered nurse in Toledo, you need to complete an approved nursing education program (ADN or BSN), pass the NCLEX-RN exam, and obtain licensure from the Ohio Board of Nursing.

What are the NCLEX pass rates for nursing programs in Ohio?

The NCLEX-RN pass rate in Ohio is 79.07%, and the NCLEX-PN pass rate is 73.38%. These rates indicate that Ohio nursing programs effectively prepare students for licensure exams.

What types of nursing programs are available in Toledo?

Toledo offers various nursing programs, including Associate of Applied Science (AAS) degrees, Practical Nursing (PN) programs, Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) programs, RN to BSN bridge programs, and advanced degrees like MSN and DNP.

Are there online nursing programs available in Toledo?

Yes, several institutions in Toledo offer online nursing programs, including the University of Toledo’s RN to BSN program and Mercy College of Ohio’s MSN program.

What are the advanced nursing degrees offered in Toledo?

Advanced nursing degrees offered in Toledo include Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) programs and Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) programs, which prepare nurses for advanced practice, leadership, and educational roles.

How long does it take to complete a nursing program in Toledo?

Program lengths vary: an AAS or ADN typically takes two years, a BSN takes four years, RN to BSN programs can be completed in about one year, and MSN programs generally take two years. DNP programs may take three to four years, depending on the pathway.

What are the tuition costs for nursing programs in Toledo?

Tuition costs vary by program and institution. For example, the University of Toledo’s RN to BSN program costs $5,142.36 for 12-18 credit hours, while the MSN program costs $639.75 per credit hour for in-state students.

Why should I consider pursuing a nursing career in Toledo, OH?

Toledo offers a strong job market, competitive salaries, and a range of educational opportunities. Additionally, the cost of living is reasonable, and there is a high demand for healthcare professionals, making it an attractive location for a nursing career.

How do nursing schools in Toledo, OH, incorporate local healthcare trends into their curriculum?

Nursing schools in Toledo, OH, actively incorporate local healthcare trends into their curriculum to ensure students are well-prepared for the region's specific healthcare challenges. The curriculum often reflects the area's emphasis on chronic disease management, primary care, and aging populations, which are prevalent in the Toledo region. Additionally, partnerships with local healthcare providers, such as ProMedica and Mercy Health, allow nursing programs to stay updated on the latest industry practices and emerging healthcare needs. This alignment ensures that students receive relevant, up-to-date education that prepares them to meet the demands of the local healthcare landscape effectively.

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