Imagery Literary Device: Definition, Types, and Examples for 2025

by Imed Bouchrika, Phd

Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist

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J.R.R. Tolkien, Neil Gaiman, Virginia Woolf. These bestselling authors have one thing in common: they use imagery as a literary device. They use figurative language to create vivid descriptions of actions and objects. They do the same when representing ideas. All to grab the readers’ attention and keep them engrossed in the story.

But weaving imagery masterfully is not an easy task. It takes a lot of practiceand persistenceto master. Still, you cannot practice what you do not know. So, the first step to learning the ropes is to gain a complete understanding of imagery literary devices or techniques. Imagery is the use of literal and figurative language to create an impression and activate the imagination (Tompkins, Campbell, Green, & Smith, 2014). This will also help you figure out how to include it in your own type of writing.

To help you learn more about successful literary devices, this post will present the definition of imagery and dissect the literary device to capture its different forms. The guide will also discuss the reasons why you should use imagery, discuss the definition of imagery in literature, provide helpful tips on how to add imagery to literature, and underscore the impact of an imagery poetic device. Additionally, imagery examples will be provided.

Imagery Literary Device Table of Contents

1. What is Imagery?
2. Types of Imagery
3. How Does Imagery Enhance Reader Engagement in Digital Content?
4. Why Use Imagery?
5. Can Mastering Imagery Open Doors to Alternative Career Paths?
6. The Role of Imagery in Evoking Unique Experiences for Different Audiences
7. How Do You Measure the Impact of Your Imagery on Reader Engagement?
8. How Can Optimized Imagery Enhance SEO and Accessibility?
9. Can Imagery Improve Your Digital Learning Experience?
10. Tips on Writing Imagery
11. Common Mistakes to Avoid When Using Imagery
12. How Does Imagery Enhance Professional and Academic Opportunities?
13. How Can Imagery Enhance Your Professional Brand?

What is Imagery?

As human beings, we are hardwired to intrinsically understand the world through the senses—what we hear, smell, see, touch, or taste. To evoke this instinctive nature and help readers better understand literary work, novelists, poets, and storytellers use descriptive language that nudges the five human senses. This language is called imagery. So, exactly what is imagery in literature?

Imagery, in any sort of writing, encompasses the use of literal or figurative language to add symbolism and enable the reader to imagine the world of the piece of literature. In other words, it engages the senses to deepen the reader’s comprehension of what is happening and how to feel about it.

Here is an example of imagery in fiction:

He watched her accept Jake’s proposal. Regret gnawed at him like a hungry tiger, and he stormed off, slamming three dozen red roses into the trash. Why hadn’t he made his move yesterday? (Kole, 2017).

The above melodramatic description serves to awaken specific emotions playing out inside the character. Here, the author leverages different types of imagery evocatively, to help the reader visualize the scene and paint a mental picture of the emotional moment.

Imagery and Figurative Language

Imagery often benefits a lot from the use of figurative language, and because of this, many people confuse the relationship between the two. Actually, it is not uncommon to find people (and websites) describing imagery as a type of figurative language. The confusion is further compounded by some articles that describe imagery as the use of figurative language to write descriptions that engage the human senses.

To set the record straight on imagery literary definition, it is not a type of figurative language. Besides, even though it largely entails the use of figurative language, imagery can also be totally non-figurative (literal). So that brings up the question of what is the difference between literal and figurative imagery? Also, what does imagery mean in both regards?

Literal Imagery vs Figurative Imagery

Literal language is the use of words solely by their primary or defined meanings. Put simply, a literal phrase means exactly what it says. For example, imagine for a second you are fishing and a friend of yours says “The fish is off the hook." The phrase “off the hook" literally means that the fish is detached from the hook.

Figurative language, on the other hand, uses similes, hyperbole, metaphor, symbolism, and personification to describe something often by comparing it to something else. For example, when a suspect is cleared of all charges, they can exclaim “Thank God, I’m off the hook!". Here, the phrase “off the hook"  is used figuratively to mean that the person is released from a difficult situation.

Comparing the two closely, literal imagery can be something like “The red bulb was glowing." In figurative form, this can be written as “The soft glow came from the tiny setting sun, firmly fixated on the wall."

Types of Imagery

Whenever you read a piece of content, the clarity and attractiveness of the story boil down to the types of imagery used, and how well they are leveraged. What is more, this is applied not only to content that is read. When a friend is sharing a story, the vividness of the meaning is also heavily reliant on the use of imagery.

There are seven types of imagery used in writing and everyday speech. Many of these types deal with the five basic human senses, namely touch, taste, sight, smell, and hearing. Authors use the following examples of imagery to entwine the senses and help readers create mental images of the story they are reading:

1. Visual Imagery

Visual imagery is the experience of mentally visualizing the appearance of something, usually without it being present (Albutt, Ling, Rowley, & Shafiullah, 2011). It is the most common and paramount imagery as it helps authors construct striking images of the scenery and characters in a story.

Visual imagery appeals to the sense of sight and it includes:

• Color
• Size
• Shape
• Pattern

For example, when an author writes something like “together, they sat at the expansive shoreline. The shimmering sun was sinking into the sea and, as it disappeared, he went down on one knee and popped out the red ring case." The statement helps the reader conjure up an inner image of the romantic scenery, the characters, and the emotions overriding the event.

2. Auditory Imagery

Auditory imagery appeals to the sense of hearing. It describes what we hear from noise, music, and even pure silence. In the auditory modality, it is indicated that auditory imagery represents perceptual attributes of sounds such as pitch and loudness (Wu, Yu, Mai, Wei, & Luo, 2010).

Auditory imagery encompasses the following:

• Enjoyable sounds (Music)
• Noise
• Silence or lack of noise

For example, “the trees rustled in rhythm as the wind whistled gently through the leaves." The words “rustle" and “whistled" evoke the sense of hearing, and transports you to a scene in the middle of a forest.

3. Olfactory Imagery

Olfactory imagery is described as the ability to experience the sensation of a smell when the appropriate stimulus is absent (Lin, Cross, Laczniak, & Childers, 2017). When a smell is described so clearly, it rings the bells, thus awakening a sensory cue that triggers vivid memories and emotions.

Olfactory imagery includes:

• Fragrances
• Scent
• Odors

For example, “The aroma of brewed coffee whiffed through the room, causing Virgil to stop what he was doing and sniff the air." The reader can smell the scent of coffee coming off the pages. It follows, then, that memories and emotions that are associated with this smell are stirred almost instantly.

4. Gustatory Imagery

Gustatory imagery draws the attention of the sense of taste. Basically, it deals with the use of specific words that trigger the taste buds, sending the reader down a sensory highway associated with food craving. Actually, beyond visual and olfactory imageries, gustatory imagery is also introduced as a key component of food cravings (Shahriari, Torres, Zuniga, & Alfayez, 2018).

Gustatory imagery includes:

• Spiciness
• Sweetness
• Sourness
• Savoriness
• Saltiness

For example, “the familiar tang of his grandmother’s cranberry sauce reminded him of his youth." The word “tang" awakens the taste buds, and the reader can already imagine the strong flavors of the cranberry sauce stuffed right into the mouth.

5. Tactile Imagery

Tactile imagery is used to describe something by focusing on aspects that can be felt or touched. As such, it appeals to the sense of touch, and like other imagery devices, it is hugely significant in descriptive writing.

Tactile imagery includes:

• Feelings of touch
• Temperatures
• Feeling of movement
• Texture

For example, “while resting in the hammock strapped between two trees, John was enjoying the warmth of the soft, fuzzy blanket on a cold night…." Here, the mention of “cold night" most probably triggers goosebumps on the reader’s skin, but then, the “soft, fuzzy blanket" brings a mental simulation of the warmth enjoyed by the character.

The types of imagery mentioned above deal with the five senses. Beyond that, there are two forms of imagery that are not related to human senses but are also used in descriptive writing.

6. Kinesthetic Imagery

Kinesthetic is derived from the word kinetic, which means movement or motion. Kinesthetic imagery, therefore, is a type of imagery that describes the actions and movements of people or objects.

Kinesthetic imagery includes:

• Actions that lead to touch (e.g., running fingers on soft, silk fabric)
• Physical movement (e.g., fiddling with his car keys)
• Temperature (e.g., the warm sunlight kissed her face)

For example, “She rummaged through the trash, tossing pieces of garbage out of the bin until she finally found the letter that her father accidentally threw away." The phrases “rummaged through the trash" and “tossing pieces of garbage" are kinesthetic imageries used to describe the act of physical movement. It is used as a graphic technique to help the reader create an accurate visual image of the scene.

7. Organic Imagery

Finally, organic imagery is arguably the most difficult and complex form of imagery. This is primarily because it is subjective and it deals with directly creating specific emotions or feelings within the reader. In other words, organic imagery entails the use of words and phrases that make the reader feel elated, nostalgic, fearful, sad, hungry, tired, thirsty, and more.

Organic imagery includes:

• Personal experiences of a character’s body
• Internal sensations and emotions

The poignant moment below, in Robert Frost’s 1916 poem called Birches, shows how organic imagery can be used:

So was I once myself a swinger of birches.

And so I dream of going back to be.

It’s when I’m weary of considerations,

And life is too much like a pathless wood

How Does Imagery Enhance Reader Engagement in Digital Content?

Effective imagery not only enriches narrative depth but also drives digital engagement by fostering emotional and cognitive connections with readers. By carefully integrating sensory descriptions and compelling visuals into content, writers can boost reader retention and strengthen overall message clarity. This approach supports digital marketing strategies and enhances user experience, which in turn contributes to higher interaction rates and improved content discoverability. Moreover, applying these techniques can complement professional and academic pursuits, reinforcing communication skills that are in high demand in competitive industries, as evidenced by opportunities like easy degrees that pay well.

Why Use Imagery?

Any sort of writing—fiction or non-fiction, requires multiple ingredients to be coherent and deep yet lucid. One of the critical ingredients is imagery in the description. Even in a career in journalism, which usually deals with hard facts, it can help. Surprisingly, it can help those taking business management careers or pursuing computer science career paths.

The imagery brings better dialogues, plot, and right placing to your story. It allows you to furnish the reader with a photograph (about the story) in words to dispel insipidity. And without it, a work of fiction would be difficult to imagine, harder to put on paper, and almost impossible to connect with the readers. This partly explains the reasons why novelists, storytellers, and poets use imagery in literary works.

The sections below explore in great depth some of the pertinent reasons why people use imagery:

To Bring the Reader Into Your Story

Stephen King—a distinguished American author—once wrote, “imagery does not occur on the writer’s page; it occurs in the reader’s mind" (King, n.d). King’s statement encapsulates the first essence of using imagery, which is to create images in the reader’s mind.

Authors use imagery to transport the reader to a perceptual location where the story is taking place and becomes part of it. But, how is this achieved?

The human senses are the most basic gateway to perception—everything people perceive is entirely tied to one or more senses. This humanistic nature gives storytellers an opportunity to bring the reader to their stories through imagery—one of the strongest senses triggers.

Authors that have perfected the use of imagery, exceptionally strike the right chords using words and phrases. They know when and how to use an imagery literary device to engage the reader physically, mentally, and emotionally. In doing so, they capture the readers’ attention and keep them buckled up to the end of the story.

To Provide a More Vivid Description to Your Readers

Every literary work thrives on two elements: the scenery and the characters. Without proper descriptive words and phrases, the two are bland and the stories built around them are insipid. But with imagery, authors can carve the perfect picture of the characters, settings, and situations.

Most importantly, imagery helps present this image so vividly that it triggers their imagination and enhances their reading skills. Primarily, authors can use literal and figurative imagery to offer intrinsic details such as texture, color, background, positioning, expression of the character, and weather. With the details, it becomes easy for the reader to understand who the characters are, visualize what they are doing, where they are, and even foreshadow the direction that the story might take.

Besides adding clarity to the fictive world, imagery sets the mode and tone of every scene. Literary devices such as simile, metaphor, onomatopoeia, and personification help beautify a piece of literature. Secondary research can provide additional insights and references to support the use of imagery in literary works. If you are not familiar with what is secondary research, it is valuable in enhancing the use of literary imagery by providing additional insights, analysis, and references. With imagery, you can make a story tense, suspenseful, thrilling, and more. This way, the reader will have the tools to fully immerse into the story and experience it in a unique way.

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In today's creative economy, a sophisticated command of imagery can differentiate candidates in fields that prize innovative communication strategies. Professionals who harness well-crafted sensory language can boost their profiles in niche areas such as digital content production, advertising, and design, where clear visual communication directly influences user engagement. In non-conventional career paths—where formal education may not be the sole criterion—demonstrated proficiency in imagery can serve as a compelling portfolio asset. For instance, creative individuals targeting fields like medical jobs without a degree illustrate how strong visual storytelling skills can enhance job prospects, empower freelance careers, and foster entrepreneurial ventures in dynamic industries.

The Role of Imagery in Evoking Unique Experiences for Different Audiences

One of the most fascinating aspects of imagery is its role in resonating differently with diverse audiences based on cultural, personal, and experiential contexts. Effective use of imagery allows writers to create narratives that feel deeply personal to each reader while preserving universal themes.

For instance, consider how a passage like "the scent of freshly baked bread wafted through the air, mingling with a whisper of lavender" might conjure feelings of nostalgia for one reader but evoke visions of a quaint countryside for another. The sensory cues embedded in the imagery engage readers on a subconscious level, drawing from their individual memories and experiences to fill the gaps of the description.

This unique connection to the audience is particularly significant when writing for specialized groups. For example, when tailoring content for students or professionals exploring options such as military friendly colleges, understanding the nuanced ways imagery influences perception can be an asset. Rich descriptions that connect to shared values, such as resilience, discipline, or community, not only engage these readers but also build trust and relatability in the narrative.

Mastering this skill involves refining your awareness of your audience's potential interpretations. Understanding your reader's cultural background, emotional triggers, or aspirations can guide your choice of imagery. By tapping into this multilayered potential, writers can craft scenes that both enhance the narrative and leave a lasting impression tailored to a richly diverse readership.

How Do You Measure the Impact of Your Imagery on Reader Engagement?

Assessing the effectiveness of imagery requires a systematic approach that blends qualitative insights with quantitative analytics. Evaluate metrics such as time on page, bounce rate, and social sharing patterns to understand how visuals resonate with your audience. Feedback in the form of comments and surveys can further reveal whether the imagery stimulates the intended emotional response and reinforces key messages. Consider running controlled tests, such as A/B comparisons, to fine-tune how imagery supports different narrative goals. Enhancing this process with targeted skill development—comparable to programs offered at 6 month trade schools—can lead to more impactful creative storytelling.

How Can Optimized Imagery Enhance SEO and Accessibility?

Optimizing imagery is vital for improving both search engine performance and digital accessibility. By incorporating detailed alt text, precise file names, and appropriate image compression, content creators can ensure that images complement overall SEO strategies while enhancing user experience. Applying clear, keyword-relevant alt tags helps search engines understand the context of visuals, and structured data further boosts online visibility. Additionally, these techniques support accessibility, allowing users with visual impairments to access content through screen readers. Embracing these practices can open doors to broader digital opportunities, much like pursuing the best online degree programs for working adults enriches career prospects.

Can Imagery Improve Your Digital Learning Experience?

Imagery plays a crucial role in online education by transforming abstract or complex concepts into accessible visual narratives. Integrating precise visuals with textual content enhances learner comprehension and retention, while facilitating cognitive connections that support deeper educational engagement. In digital learning environments, curated imagery not only clarifies instructional material but also encourages active participation and long-term information recall. This practice is particularly valuable for institutions optimizing resources and for professionals balancing work and studies, as seen in What are the cheapest online colleges for working professionals?.

Tips on Writing Imagery

As mentioned earlier, imagery helps you paint a clear picture in the reader’s mind. But, for this to happen, you must first learn when and how to use the imagery in writing. Whether you are a first-time writer or a seasoned novelist, the following tips will help you use more vivid imagery in your manuscript.

Leverage sensory details

First and most importantly, learn how to leverage sensory details. Imagery is fantastic when used in literary work, there is no doubt about this, but if it does not nudge the reader’s senses, it is as good as lethargic. To bring the story to life and help the readers imagine your writing better, you should endeavor to tickle their senses.

Take for example this statement, “The girl rode her bike down the road." Does this paint a clear picture in your mind? What about “The pony-tailed toddler rode her blue, plastic tricycle down the murram road." The second statement paints a better picture of the character and the scene for the reader.

Further, instead of seeking to pique the reader’s senses, help the reader ride on the character’s senses. Using the character’s senses is an amazing concept that can add taste to the story. So, where possible, always try to hear through the character’s ears or see through his/her eyes.

Incorporate action-bearing words into your description

To make the story more interesting, you should spice it up with words that show the action by their true nature. Precisely, action-bearing verbs such as absorbed, cushioned, pointed, leaped, grasped, whispered, stabbed, slapped, cursed, and more, help convey the action better. In addition, one may also consider using action-bearing non-verbs (nouns or adjectives) as these can help infiltrate the readers’ minds and create images that hold them prisoners of your story.

Paint large pictures detail by detail

Another trick that works wonders is painting large pictures in small, crisp details. In other words, to help the reader’s brain process information faster and more precisely, paint verbal pictures in nibbles. The rule of thumb is to use no more than two sentences when describing your scenes. Most importantly, resist, by all means possible, writing long descriptions that draw the reader’s attention away from the main story.

Describe ordinary things through a different lens

Moreover, if you want to be a great novelist or storyteller, you should be ready to invest in fresh viewpoints. Ordinary things described casually or using cliches make a story sound dull and flat. To create vivid imagery and capture the reader’s attention better, use descriptors that are totally unexpected.

For example, comparing a toothache with a fireworks display or perhaps describing the tastes of different food as if they were places you can visit. Alternatively, you can use words to describe something to probe senses that are not usually associated with it. For example, describing a lady’s hair as “mellow" or a baby as “brawny."

Moreover, you can use exaggerations and overstatements that are not meant to be taken literally. Phrases such as “he is older than the hills" or “she was as skinny as a toothpick" help the reader understand how strongly you feel about something.

Specify descriptions to immerse your reader

The whole essence of using imagery in literary work is to help the reader paint a clear picture of events and characters in the story. To boost clarity, you must specify every description and take note of the finest details in the settings. Describe everything as is, leaving nothing to chance. Make the reader take note of the tiny indentation at the bottom of a wine glass, the scratches on a smartphone screen, or the small nubs on the treads of a new car tire.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Using Imagery

Imagery is a powerful tool in writing, but missteps can weaken its effectiveness. Here are some common mistakes to watch out for:

• Overloading with Details: While details can enhance imagery, too many can overwhelm the reader. Aim for a balance by selecting only the most vivid and relevant descriptions. This helps maintain clarity and keeps the reader engaged.
• Being Vague or Generic: Using vague or clichéd descriptions can make imagery fall flat. Instead of saying, “The sky was beautiful,” consider specific details, like “The sky glowed pink and orange as the sun dipped below the horizon.” Specificity creates a stronger connection with the reader.
• Inconsistency in Tone: Imagery should align with the piece's overall tone. For example, dark imagery in a light-hearted story can confuse readers. Ensure your imagery matches the mood and style of your writing to maintain coherence.
• Neglecting the Five Senses: Focusing solely on one or two senses can limit the impact of your imagery. Incorporate sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste to create a rich and immersive experience for the reader.
• Ignoring the Context: Imagery should serve a purpose within the narrative. Avoid using imagery that feels forced or unrelated to the story. Ensure that each image supports the themes or emotions you want to convey.

By being mindful of these common mistakes, writers can enhance their use of imagery, making their work more vivid and engaging for readers.

How Does Imagery Enhance Professional and Academic Opportunities?

Effective imagery extends beyond storytelling—it fortifies professional communication and academic discourse by conveying ideas with clarity and emotional resonance. Precision in visual language not only enhances presentations and digital marketing but also elevates creative portfolios in competitive fields. This strategic approach to writing is increasingly valued in industries that prioritize innovative communication, including advertising, digital media, and literature. Additionally, in academic settings, integrating nuanced imagery into research and coursework can distinguish candidates in disciplines linked to the highest paying majors, thereby supporting career advancement through creative and effective narrative construction.

How Can Imagery Enhance Your Professional Brand?

Integrating evocative imagery into your professional narrative builds a distinct and memorable brand identity. By employing precise sensory language and strategic visuals, you can craft presentations, portfolios, and digital communications that resonate with decision makers and diverse audiences. This approach not only differentiates your message in a crowded market but also reinforces key attributes such as creativity, leadership, and innovation. Leveraging such techniques can be particularly effective in fields that value unique communication skills, as seen in roles within the best careers for women, ultimately amplifying your professional appeal and opening pathways for career advancement.

Learn to Use Imagery to Show Your Story

William Shakespeare is inarguably the bestselling author of all time. It is estimated that 4 billion copies of his work are in circulation (Brown, 2020). Famous for his plays and sonnets, Shakespeare mastered imagery and applied it in books such as Macbeth and Merchant of Venice.

There is no doubt, the legendary bard of Avon is a familiar figure many authors look up to and want to emulate. To tread his way, you need to reach the dizzy heights of discipline, attention to detail, clarity, strong vocabulary, and creativity. For your stories to be clear and concise, however, you should learn how to use imagery.

Fortunately, by now, you already know the basics, imagery definition, types of imagery, and why authors use imagery. This information gives you a sterling headstart, which you can use to carve a name for yourself in writing. You do not have to be the best, but with practice, everything will finally fall into place and the use of imagery will become second nature.

Imagery may be the gateway to stunning and epic work of literature. It will beautify your work, and add particularity to every setting and character. This way, it will help you connect with the readers better and engross them in the story with ease. You can enhance your writing, too, by taking a communications degree or the humanities career path, as this can open you up to more of the world.

Key Insights

• Definition of Imagery: Imagery in literature involves using descriptive language to engage the five senses and create vivid mental pictures for the reader. It can be both literal and figurative.
• Types of Imagery: There are seven main types of imagery: visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, kinesthetic, and organic. Each type appeals to different senses or aspects of human perception and emotion.
• Importance of Imagery: Imagery helps to immerse readers in the story, providing a more vivid and engaging reading experience. It enhances the description of characters, settings, and emotions, making the narrative more relatable and impactful.
• Tips for Writing Imagery: Effective use of imagery involves leveraging sensory details, incorporating action-bearing words, painting large pictures in small details, describing ordinary things in unique ways, and specifying descriptions to immerse the reader.

FAQ

1. What is imagery in literature? Imagery in literature refers to the use of descriptive language that appeals to the senses, helping readers visualize scenes, characters, and actions in their minds.
2. How many types of imagery are there? There are seven types of imagery: visual (sight), auditory (sound), olfactory (smell), gustatory (taste), tactile (touch), kinesthetic (movement), and organic (internal sensations and emotions).
3. Why is imagery important in writing? Imagery is important because it makes the narrative more engaging and vivid, allowing readers to experience the story more fully. It helps to create a deeper emotional connection and enhances the overall reading experience.
4. What is the difference between literal and figurative imagery? Literal imagery uses words in their primary, defined meanings to describe something exactly as it is. Figurative imagery, on the other hand, uses similes, metaphors, and other figures of speech to describe something by comparing it to something else, often adding symbolic meaning.
5. How can I improve my use of imagery in writing? To improve your use of imagery, focus on leveraging sensory details, incorporating action-bearing words, painting large pictures in small, precise details, describing ordinary things through a unique lens, and specifying descriptions to enhance clarity and immersion.
6. Can you give an example of visual imagery? Visual imagery example: "The shimmering sun sank into the sea, casting a golden hue across the expansive shoreline."
7. What is auditory imagery? Auditory imagery involves descriptions that appeal to the sense of hearing, such as sounds, music, or silence. For example, "The rustling of leaves and the gentle whistle of the wind created a soothing symphony in the forest."
8. How does olfactory imagery work in writing? Olfactory imagery describes scents and smells to evoke sensory memories and emotions. For instance, "The aroma of freshly baked bread wafted through the air, reminding him of his grandmother's kitchen."
9. What role does organic imagery play in literature? Organic imagery conveys internal sensations and emotions, making the reader feel what the character is experiencing. For example, "A wave of nostalgia washed over her as she walked through her childhood home."
10. How can I make my descriptions more vivid using imagery? To make descriptions more vivid, use specific, sensory-rich language, incorporate unique and unexpected comparisons, and focus on small, precise details that paint a clear picture in the reader's mind.

References:

• Albutt, J., Ling, J., Rowley, M., & Shafiullah, M. (2011). The vividness of visual imagery and social desirable responding: correlations of the vividness of visual imagery questionnaire with the balanced inventory of desirable responding and the MarloweCrowne scale. Behavior Research Methods, 43, 791. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0086-8
• Brown, J. R. (2020). William Shakespeare: English author. Britannica.
• King, S. (n.d). Imagery and the third eye. WordPlayer.com.
• Kole, M. (2017, May 2019). Imagery in writing to attract readers and deepen emotion. Kidlit.com.
• Lin, M., Cross, S. N., Laczniak, r. N., & Childers, T. L. (2017). The sniffing effect: olfactory sensitivity and olfactory imagery in advertising. Journal of Advertising, 47 (2), 97-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2017.1410739
• Tompkins, G., Campbell, R., Green, D., & Smith, C. (2014). Literacy for the 21st Century (pp.430). Melbourne, Victoria: Pearson Australia. Google Books.
• Shahriari, E., Torres, I. M., Zuniga, M. A., & Alfayez, N. (2018). Picture this: the role of mental imagery in induction of food craving a theoretical framework based on the elaborated intrusion theory. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 37 (1), 31-42.  https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-02-2018-2553
• Wu, J., Yu, Z., Mai, X., Wei, J., & Luo, Y. (2010). Pitch and loudness information encode in auditory imagery as revealed by event-related potentials. Psychophysiology, 48 (30), 415-419. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01070.x