75 College Drug Abuse Statistics: 2026 Data, Facts & Predictions

by Imed Bouchrika, PhD

Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist

Share

College is an exciting time for many teenagers who typically get their first chance to live independently and make their own decisions during these years. For many students, college is also a period of self-discovery and of building their own beliefs and motivations free from the expectations of parental figures.

Unfortunately, the freedom that college brings coincides with a period when teenagers are willing to experiment with new ideas and experiences. As such, they may become more vulnerable to peer influence and the belief that college is a time to let loose and party (Cui & Fincham, 2010). And when indulgence and self-discovery go unchecked, teenagers may suddenly find themselves exposed to experiences such as drug use and substance abuse.

This post aims to collate and discuss key college drug abuse statistics. The goal is to bring to light figures and data that can help students, parents, and educators proactively understand what constitutes substance abuse in college. All in all, this should help parents and educators recognize, understand, and combat drug abuse in college. Besides, the information will help students keep their own behavior in check and prevent drug abuse from affecting their academic performance.

College Drug Abuse Statistics Table of Contents

1. General Drug Abuse Statistics
2. Commonly Abused Drugs
3. Why Do College Students Use Drugs?
4. Attitudes and Beliefs About Drug Use Among College Students
5. The Social Context of College Drug Abuse
6. Effects of College Drug Abuse Statistics
7. Mental Health and Substance Abuse
8. How can college students prevent drug abuse?
9. Can accelerated degree programs reduce academic stress and lower drug abuse risks?
10. Can vocational training offer a safer pathway to mitigate college drug abuse risks?
11. Can proactive screening and early intervention curb drug abuse in colleges?
12. How can academic major selection shape drug abuse resilience?
13. The Role of Academics in Combating Drug Abuse
14. What are the treatment and recovery options for college students dealing with drug abuse?
15. Can alternative education settings lessen drug abuse risks?
16. How does career planning influence students' resilience against drug abuse?

General Drug Abuse Statistics

Drug abuse is a menacing issue that has held hostage the lives of many young adults. As you will notice, young adults are also grappling with drug abuse. Data show more than 168.0 million people aged 12 or older in the United States used tobacco, nicotine, alcohol, and illicit drugs (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2024).

According to the Monitoring The Future studies on drug abuse, the problem begins as early as the 8th grade and gathers pace in the 10th and/or 12th grades before becoming full-blown in college. The same study found that college students are the worst-hit among all school goers.

Generally, young men were more likely to be involved in drug or substance abuse than young women. For instance, cigarette smoking among 12th graders showed a 2.9% prevalence among males and 2.0% among females.

Further, the study intimates that gateway drugs ring the minds of college students with a better percentage, showing an inherent liking for marijuana and alcohol. But this doesn’t mean hard drugs like cocaine and heroin are out of the equation.

The following substance abuse in college students statistics reveal the annual prevalence of illicit drug use among college students:

College Drug Abuse Statistics by Age, Gender, and Year in College

• In the academic year 2024-2025, only 2% of college students were diagnosed with substance use disorder.
• In 2024, alcohol was the most prevalent substance used by young adults aged 19 to 30, with 80.7% in the past year and 62.3% in the past month.
• Any type of cannabis is the second most prevalent substance use, with 41.4% in the past year and 29.0% in the past month.
• Among fulltime college students, alcohol consumption was higher among young men (66.1%) than women (76%).
• Meanwhile, college students' cannabis usage was almost the same for young men (40.5%) and women (39%).
• Surprisingly, college women (21.6%) vaped cannabis more than men (16.7%).
• Meanwhile, cigarette use is higher among college men (16.6%) than women (11.4%).
• Similarly to vaping cannabis, vaping nicotine was more prevalent among young women (22%) than men (17.2%).
• On one hand, the annual prevalence of use of the various drugs and substances among full-time male college students is as follows: Amphetamines (4.9%), MDMA (1.9%), cocaine (2.8%), LSD (1.3%), and tranquilizers (2.3%).
• On the other hand, the annual prevalence of use of various drugs and substances among full-time female college students is as follows: Amphetamines (3.5%), MDMA (1.1%), cocaine (2.5%), LSD (0.4%), and tranquilizers (3.7%).
• Additionally, students who used any drug other than cannabis was higher among men (19.8%) than women (10.8%).
• Lastly, Delta-8 usage was about the same for men (14.9%) and women (14.4%).

Commonly Abused Drugs

College is, without a doubt, one of the most common places illicit drugs are readily found, sold, and abused. As students leave the safety and security of their homes, they undergo incredible challenges and begin to transition to adulthood. This happens in a new environment, which, even though it is labeled a “drug-free zone," can sometimes prove to be the exact opposite.

As a result, students who are already into drug abuse get increased opportunities to escalate the behavior. On the other hand, those with clean slates are welcomed into sororities and fraternities famous for partying and episodes of hazing, which often involve drug abuse.

Some of the most misused prescription drugs among college students in the U.S. are:

• tranquilizers, e.g., diazepam and alprazolam
• sedatives, e.g. triazolam and phenobarbital
• opioid analgesics, e.g., hydrocodone and codeine
• stimulants, e.g., methylphenidate and amphetamines.

Although many drugs are frequently used, alcohol remains the substance of choice for many college students (Monitoring The Future, 2025). But, there is a rapid increase in marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, and other illicit drug use.

This section aims to lay bare facts and data about the most commonly abused drug in college. It culls relevant statistics from reputable organizations to paint the complete picture of the college drug abuse scene.

College Marijuana Abuse Statistics

• In Spring 2025, 39.4% of undergraduate students said they have used cannabis at least once in their lives.
• This percentage is higher among trans/gender non-conforming college students (54%) and cis women (40%) than among cis men (35%).
• 28.5% of undergraduate students used cannabis at least once or twice in the past three months, while 12.2% used it daily or almost every day.
• Around 14.5% got a strong desire or urge to use cannabis daily in the past three months, and 10% failed once or twice to perform what was normally expected of them due to their use.
• 8% of those who used cannabis tried and failed to control or stop their usage in the past three months.
• In 2024, the monthly marijuana use among college students was 22% for young men and 21.9% for young women.
• Women (14.5%) also vape cannabis per month more than men (10.3%).

College Prescription Pills, "Study Drugs" and Other Stimulants Abuse Statistics

• Among undergraduate students in Spring 2025, 94.3% had not used prescription stimulants like Adderall or Ritalin ever. Meanwhile, 5.7% of them have used it at least once.
• This usage was higher among trans/gender non-conforming students (8%), followed by cis men (7%) and cis women (5%).
• 6.8% of those using prescription stimulants use it daily.
• Among those using stimulants in the past three months, 58.8% said that it was not prescribed for them and 37.4% said it was.
• 23.1% of those using stimulant medication took a higher dosage than the one prescribed for them.
• Average methamphetamine usage among them was almost non-existent, with only 1% in total using it at least once. This was more prevalent among trans/gender non-conforming students (2% or 57 users).
• 4.5% of undergraduate students used methamphetamine every day. In the past three months, 13.5% of those taking it had had a strong desire or urge to use it daily.
• In 2024, 0.7% of students used other stimulants without prescription over the past month.
• From 2024-2025, the monthly prevalence of amphetamine usage for men was 1.6% and 0.8% for women. Meanwhile, this was more prevalent annually among college students (4.1%) than non-college students (1.5%).
• Cocaine monthly prevalence was 0.2% for college men and 0.8% for women.
• In 2024, methamphetamine use for college students was 0.1% and 0.6% for non-college students.

College Party or Club Drug Abuse Statistics

• In Spring 2025, 30.3% of undergraduate students have used tobacco or nicotine at least once.
• 8.4% have used hallucinogens, like ecstasy, molly, LSD, acid, mushrooms, and the like, at least once.
• 4.6% of those who used hallucinogens took it monthly.
• In the past three months, 5.8% of students used heroin every day, while 13.4% took it weekly.
• In 2024, college men had a hallucinogen prevalence of 10.3%, while women had 4.9%.
• LSD usage was also higher among men (1.3%) than among women (0.4%).
• Meanwhile, MDMA was used by men (1.9%) slightly more than women (1.1%).

College Alcohol Abuse Statistics

Studies indicate that alcohol and drug use among college students can result in poor academic performance and increase the risk of sickness, injury, or death (Cremeens et al., 2013, as cited in Hellenbrand et al., 2018).

• In Spring 2025, 1.7% of undergraduate students consumed alcohol daily or almost every day. Larger shares use it weekly (30.7%), monthly (26.3%), or once or twice (32.6%) in the past three months.
• 4.5% of those who consumed alcohol tried to control or stop their intake in the past three months.
• 42.2% of those who drank alcohol the last time got drunk. This was almost equal among cis men (43%), cis women (42%), and trans/gender non-conforming students (44%).
• 43.7% of college students who got drunk the last time they consumed alcohol intended to get drunk, while 56.3 did not.
• 27.4% of college students consumed 3-4 drinks of alcohol the last time they drank, while 2.4% took 9-10 drinks.

Why Do College Students Use Drugs?

Beyond learning and planning for the future, college is about testing the limits and partying for many students. But, finding the perfect balance between the two often proves to be a stern challenge, especially with the increased responsibilities that come alongside the new-found freedom.

As studies get tougher and myths become more prevalent, the socialized thinking that substance use is normal, natural, and expected part of being a student becomes the new norm (Cuban, 2017). Consequently, students begin to find solace in substance use for multiple reasons.

This section provides some of the key factors that propel college students towards the dark world of drug abuse.

Possible Reasons for Drug Abuse

• 47% of college students believed they need help for emotional or mental health problems.
• 11% of college students with positive depression or anxiety have taken psychostimulants several times weekly. Meanwhile, 31% have taken antidepressants.
• 31.3% of college students have been prescribed meds for a mental health condition.
• 1.4% of undergraduate students in Spring 2025 were diagnosed with alcohol or substance use disorder.
• 26% of students have been diagnosed with depression.
• 7% of students have been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive and related conditions.
• 7.6% of students were diagnosed with PTSD or another trauma- or stressor-related condition.
• 48% of students had problems with their finances in the past year.

Attitudes and Beliefs About Drug Use Among College Students

Attitudes and beliefs influence whether a college student will use marijuana, alcohol, or any other illicit drug. Particularly, the extent to which they believe that using a specific substance in certain amounts or frequencies might harm them has an impact on the use of a particular drug (Schulenberg, et al., 2018). By looking at the shift in attitude and beliefs, parents and educators can foretell changes in actual drug-using behavior among college students.

This section gathers data about the attitudes and beliefs of young adults—people between 18 and 30 years. While the data isn’t specifically focused on college students, it offers vital insights into a critical age group that mostly constitutes the college-going population. As such, the results can be extrapolated to college students to get a sneak peek into their attitudes and beliefs about drug use.

Concern About Alcohol and Drug Use

Among those who took alcohol, substances, or drugs, the following share indicated that a friend or relative has expressed concern in the past three months:

• Tobacco or nicotine: 12.3%
• Alcohol: 4.6%
• Cannabis: 5.5%
• Cocaine: 6.6%
• Prescription stimulants: 4.1%
• Methamphetamine: 9.8%
• Hallucinogens: 2.9%
• Heroin: 16.4%
• Prescription opioids: 4.3%

College Students Saying a Friend/Relative Has Expressed Concern Regarding Their Use

Source: American College Health Association, 2025

Designed by

Perceived Harmfulness of Drugs

Among those who used drugs or substances, the following share of students said they failed to perform what was normally expected of them weekly due to their use:

• Alcohol: 0.9%
• Cocaine: 4.7%
• Prescription stimulants: 2.8%
• Methamphetamine: 17.2%
• Heroin: 24.8%
• Prescription opioids: 13.0%

Among those who consumed alcohol, students expressed the following:

• Had a blackout within the last year: 11.2%
• Someone had sex with me without my consent: 1.5%
• Physically injured myself: 7.2%
• Seriously considered suicide: 2.3%
• Drove after drinking: 9.8%

The Social Context of College Drug Abuse

College time means students have to leave the confines of their parent’s guidance and explore the world independently. This means building a new support network that mostly includes peers who share different opinions, beliefs, and attitudes about life, studies, and drug use. This creates a peculiar social context with unique norms and modeling that impact the likelihood of a student using or abstaining from the use of drugs.

Much like the previous section, this part explores the social context in which young adults aged 18 to 30 years find themselves. But, since the data covers a demographic that comprises college and university students, it’s relevant to this post. The statistics reveal important insights on direct exposure to substance use by friends and the perceived availability of drugs among college students.

The Extent of Student Exposure to Drug Through Peers

• In 2024, 15.4% of 12th grader teens said most or all of their peers had taken any illicit drug.
• Meanwhile, 12.4% said this is true for those taking marijuana.
• 2.2% said the same for their peers taking sedatives.
• 20.4% likewise agreed for their peers consuming alcohol.

Perceived Availability of Drugs Among College Students

• In 2024, 65.1% of 12th graders said it as fairly easy to acquire marijuana and a vaping device.
• 68% said it was easy to get cigarettes.
• 74.4% said it was also easy for them to get alcohol.
• 17.9% said they did not encounter much difficulty getting LSD.

Effects of College Drug Abuse Statistics

Habitual choices are highly likely when youths act in familiar circumstances where there is a strong correspondence between personal and perceived moral norms of the setting (Piquero, 2015). Choices, however, have consequences that can be limiting or enabling. In this sense, college students who choose to abuse drugs open up the possibilities of limiting consequences.

The choices students freely make become a significant part of the context for the next set of actions. Consequently, some begin to skip class and spend less time studying, which ultimately results in lower grades. In some extreme cases, drug abuse can lead to dropping out of college. It may even lead to student crime such as sexual assault.

Consequences of Drug Abuse

• 2.6% college students who consumed alcohol in the past year experienced negative class performance.
• This was also true for 6% of students who took cannabis.
• 2.3% of college students are in recovery from alcohol or other drug use.
• 8.2% of students said their alcohol consumption has led to a health, social, legal, or financial problem at least once or twice in the past three months.
• The same was true for 8.3% of students using cannabis and 6.8% using prescription stimulants.
• Meanwhile, 3.1% of those using cocaine said their use has led to a health, social, legal, or financial problem weekly in the past three months.
• Alarmingly, 13.3% of students taking methamphetamine said their use has led to a health, social, legal, or financial problem daily in the past three months.

How does mental health impact substance abuse among college students?

Mental health plays a critical role in the likelihood of substance abuse among college students. The pressures of academic life, social expectations, and transitioning to independent living can contribute to mental health issues, which often coincide with increased drug and alcohol use.

Here are some key ways mental health impacts substance abuse:

• Self-medication for anxiety and depression: Many college students turn to drugs or alcohol as a way to cope with anxiety, depression, and stress. Substance use can serve as an unhealthy coping mechanism to temporarily alleviate these feelings.
• Increased vulnerability to addiction: Students dealing with untreated mental health disorders may be more prone to substance abuse and addiction. The use of drugs and alcohol can worsen pre-existing mental health conditions, creating a dangerous cycle of dependence.
• Social isolation: Students experiencing mental health challenges may withdraw from social activities and feel isolated. To deal with loneliness, some may use drugs or alcohol to escape their emotions, which further exacerbates both their mental health and substance use problems.
• Impaired academic performance: Mental health issues combined with substance abuse can lead to decreased academic performance, missed classes, and even dropping out of school. Substance use exacerbates concentration problems and emotional distress, making it harder for students to succeed academically.
• Increased risk of risky behaviors: College students dealing with mental health struggles may engage in more impulsive or risky behaviors, including excessive drinking or drug use. This can lead to accidents, injuries, and even legal issues.

How can college students prevent drug abuse?

Preventing drug abuse among college students requires a multi-faceted approach that involves education, support systems, and a strong sense of personal responsibility. Students can take proactive steps to protect themselves from the risks of drug use by fostering healthy habits, seeking out resources, and making informed choices.

One of the most effective ways to prevent drug abuse is through education. Colleges can play a critical role by providing workshops and awareness programs that inform students about the risks of drug use and offer alternatives to substance abuse. These initiatives should also emphasize the importance of mental health and the negative impact of drugs on academic and social life.

Students should also engage in activities that promote well-being, such as exercise, meditation, and forming supportive friendships. Developing strong social connections with peers who share positive behaviors can significantly reduce the likelihood of falling into the cycle of substance abuse. For students interested in pursuing their education further without the added financial stress, exploring options like a cheap masters degree online can offer opportunities for career growth while staying grounded in healthy life choices.

Moreover, colleges can provide mental health support and counseling services to help students deal with stress, anxiety, and other challenges. By focusing on early intervention and building resilience, universities can create environments that help prevent the onset of drug abuse.

Can accelerated degree programs reduce academic stress and lower drug abuse risks?

Accelerated degree programs offer a condensed and focused curriculum that can minimize long-term exposure to academic stressors known to escalate substance misuse. By reducing the duration of study, these programs help alleviate financial burdens and social pressures that may serve as catalysts for drug use. Additionally, shorter degree completion timelines foster improved time management and decisiveness regarding academic and career goals. For students evaluating this route, researching programs like the fastest associates degree may provide a viable option for balancing rapid academic progress with overall well-being.

Can vocational training offer a safer pathway to mitigate college drug abuse risks?

Vocational training provides an alternative academic trajectory that inherently reduces exposure to high-pressure campus environments and the social settings frequently linked with substance misuse. Focused career pathways, such as online trade degrees, emphasize hands-on skills and shorter program durations, which can alleviate stress and foster a clearer sense of direction. By streamlining the educational process, vocational programs often create smaller, more structured communities where individualized support and career-focused initiatives help in building resilience against drug abuse.

Can proactive screening and early intervention curb drug abuse in colleges?

Implementing systematic screening initiatives can help identify early signs of substance misuse and allow timely, tailored interventions. Robust assessment tools used by campus health services and peer support networks enable the identification of at-risk students without stigmatization, allowing for discreet and effective referral to specialized counseling. Integrating digital health assessments and collaborative programs with local health agencies enhances these prevention efforts. Furthermore, fostering research in empirical screening strategies through advanced programs, such as online doctoral degrees, can contribute significantly to developing evidence-based practices for sustainable drug abuse prevention.

How can academic major selection shape drug abuse resilience?

Informed academic major selection can directly influence students' engagement and coping strategies by fostering structured environments and clear professional objectives. Aligning one’s studies with personal strengths promotes discipline and reduces exposure to high-risk social circles, ultimately mitigating stress and enhancing decision-making skills. Evidence from research on majors in college indicates that choosing a field with robust support systems and growth prospects not only improves academic focus but also contributes to a resilient, drug-free mindset.

The Role of Academics in Combating Drug Abuse

Academic institutions play a pivotal role in shaping students' environments and offering support to deter drug use. Beyond awareness programs and counseling, academic flexibility and resources can significantly mediate the stressors that often lead to substance abuse. For example, heavy academic workloads or rigid structures can exacerbate feelings of helplessness among students, potentially driving them to poor coping mechanisms like drug use.

One solution is enabling students to explore alternative academic pathways. Options like pursuing an accelerated degree online can allow students to complete studies at their own pace while balancing personal and professional responsibilities. By reducing the rigidity of traditional schedules, such programs often lessen the stress that might otherwise lead to substance use. Students interested in these innovative pathways can explore the best accelerated degree online programs available.

Moreover, universities can embed preventive measures into their academic fabric by promoting interdisciplinary courses focused on mental health and substance abuse, offering stress-reduction workshops, and encouraging open communication between faculty and students. When institutions prioritize holistic academic well-being, they contribute to a broader safety net that protects students from veering into harmful behaviors.

What are the treatment and recovery options for college students dealing with drug abuse?

College students facing drug abuse can benefit from a range of evidence-based treatment modalities tailored to their unique circumstances. Structured rehabilitation programs—both inpatient and outpatient—can offer medically supervised withdrawal and behavioral therapies designed to address the biological and psychological aspects of addiction. Access to counseling, individual and group therapy sessions, and peer support networks also play a crucial role in fostering long-term recovery. On-campus health centers and local community clinics often provide mental health services that can coordinate with academic advisors and family members to create sustainable support systems. Moreover, for those seeking specialized expertise in pharmacotherapy and drug behavior research, exploring an online doctor of pharmacy program can provide advanced knowledge that bridges clinical practice with effective addiction treatment strategies.

Can alternative education settings lessen drug abuse risks?

Alternative educational pathways have emerged as viable options to reduce exposure to high-risk campus environments. Online learning formats, for example, provide a controlled atmosphere that minimizes the pressures of large, traditional social settings where drug use may be more prevalent. Institutions that offer programs via non profit online colleges enable students to pursue their academic goals at their own pace, often reducing the stressors and peer influences commonly found on conventional campuses. Additionally, these platforms typically incorporate individualized support services and digital counseling resources, which contribute to improved well-being and foster resilience against substance abuse.

How does career planning influence students' resilience against drug abuse?

Career planning establishes a future-focused mindset that can deter engagement in risky behaviors. By aligning academic pursuits with clear professional trajectories, students develop long-term goals that prioritize personal growth over short-term indulgences. Structured career guidance—including access to resources on the highest paying graduate degrees—can enhance self-efficacy and motivate students to resist distractions such as substance misuse. In this manner, targeted career support becomes an integral component of comprehensive strategies to foster resilience and promote healthier decision-making on campus.

Keeping Drug Abuse in Colleges at Bay

Drug abuse among college students is prevalent, and responding to the risks caused by this vice has been a monstrous task for parents, students, and educators alike. The use of illicit drugs and inappropriate use of licit drugs have continued to torment college students for years now. This has been going on despite the rigid disapproval of the use of drugs by a good number of young adults.

As highlighted in this post, excessive freedom blended with peer influence and school-related stress has played a huge role in escalating drug abuse on college campuses. In this case, learning how to reduce stress during college may prove to be useful to students who want to remain abstinent during their studies.

But truth be told, many of the factors that propel students to the dark world of drug abuse are entirely preventable. The success of the prevention measures, however, solely boils down to the collective effort of educators, parents, and community leaders. For parents, it may start out as early as childhood, with properly talking to children so they grow up with the right attitudes about themselves and the world around them.

Parents ought to extensively research and learn the major risk factors for drug abuse, so they can explain them to their children in black and white. In addition, when students join college, parents should take it upon themselves to keep close tabs on the child’s life, know their new friends, and monitor behavior and attitudes keenly. On the other hand, educators and community leaders should be more proactive in their thinking, selection, planning, and delivery of prevention programs.

The National Institute on Drug Abuse outlines 16 principles that schools, parents, educators, and the community at large can use to prevent drug abuse among adolescents and young adults (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2003). These interventions help reduce or reverse the risk factors and enhance protective factors to curtail drug abuse. Stakeholders should not stop at this because the drug abuse scene is continually evolving. As such, parents and educators must endeavor to conduct rigorous research and create innovative ways to halt it.

Key Insights

• Prevalence of Drug Abuse: Data show more than 168.0 million people aged 12 or older in the United States used tobacco, nicotine, alcohol, and illicit drugs.
• Gender Differences: Female college students have a slightly higher annual prevalence of vape cannabis (14.5%) compared to their male counterparts (10.3%).
• Commonly Abused Substances: The most commonly abused substances among college students include alcohol, marijuana, Adderall, MDMA, cocaine, LSD, and tranquilizers.
• Reasons for Drug Use: College students use drugs for various reasons including boosting concentration, improving study habits, enhancing alertness, getting high, and experimentation.
• Impact on Academic Performance: Drug abuse can result in poor academic performance, increased risk of sickness, injury, or death, and legal issues such as arrests for alcohol-related violations.
• Attitudes and Beliefs: While most young adults disapprove of using illicit drugs other than marijuana, the prevailing belief that marijuana is very safe fuels its increased use on college campuses.
• Social Influence: Peer influence plays a significant role in drug use, with many students reporting having friends who use illicit drugs.
• Preventive Measures: Effective prevention of drug abuse in colleges requires a collective effort from educators, parents, and community leaders, focusing on reducing risk factors and enhancing protective factors.

References:

• American College Health Association. (2025). American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment III: Undergraduate Student Reference Group Data Report Spring 2025. https://www.acha.org/wp-content/uploads/NCHA-IIIb_SPRING_2025_UNDERGRADUATE_REFERENCE_GROUP_INSTITUTIONAL_DATA_REPORT.pdf
• Cuban, B. (2017). The Addicted Lawyer: Tales of the Bar, Booze, Blow, and Redemption. Google Books
• Cui, M., & Fincham, F. D. (2010). Romantic Relationship in Emerging Adulthood. Google Books
• Espenshade, T. J., & Radford, A. W. (2013). No Longer Separate, Not Yet Equal: Race and Class in Elite College Admission. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Google Books
• Hellenbrand, M., Kammer, R.T., Much, K., Reif, C., & Follick, B. (2018). Student perceptions toward changes in a university’s alcohol and other drugs policy. College Student Affairs Journal, 36 (2), 97-109. https://doi.org/10.1353/csj.2018.0018
• Miech, R. A., Johnston, L. D., Patrick, M. E., & O'Malley, P. M. (2025). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2024: Overview and detailed results for secondary school students. Monitoring the Future Monograph Series. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. https://monitoringthefuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mtf2025.pdf
• Miech, R. A., Patrick, M. E., O’Malley, P. M., Jager, J. O., & Jang, J. B. (2026). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2025: Overview and key findings for secondary school students. Monitoring the Future Monograph Series. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. https://monitoringthefuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/mtfvol12026.pdf
• National Institute on Drug Abuse (2003). Preventing Drug Use Among Children and Adolescents, 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
• Patrick, M. E., Miech, R. A., Johnston, L. D., & O’Malley, P. M. (2025). Monitoring the Future Panel Study annual report: National data on substance use among adults ages 19 to 65, 1976–2024. Monitoring the Future Monograph Series. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. https://dx.doi.org/10.7302/26783
• Schulenberg, J. E., Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Miech, R. A., & Patrick, M. E. (2019). Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2018: Volume II, College Students and Adults Ages 19-60. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2024). Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2024 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt56287/2024-nsduh-annual-national-report.pdf
• The Healthy Minds Network. (2024). The Healthy Minds Study: 2024-2025 Data Report. https://healthymindsnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/2024-2025_HMS-National-Data-Report_Student.pdf
• The Steve Fund. (2024). Student Mental Health on College Campuses. https://www.luminafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Student.Mental.Health.on_.college.campuses.pdf