The ADDIE Model Explained: Evolution, Steps, and Applications for 2025

by Imed Bouchrika, Phd

Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist

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Even the most learned may falter when developing a curriculum or online course without a roadmap to follow. Here, having a time-tested model like the ADDIE learning model comes in handy.

What is ADDIE model? ADDIE (short for analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation) is a learning development model used by course developers and training designers. It is used for an iterative approach, making it suitable for complex curriculum or course programs, such as an online bachelor’s in hotel and restaurant management, a traditional college degree in geography or a human resources degree.

The ADDIE model of training serves as the basis for over 100 instructional design models today (Allen, 2006). Developed in the 1970s, this training model provides a systematic, iterative process for determining training needs, designing instructional programs and materials, implementing these programs, and evaluating their effectiveness (Gagne et al., 2005).

This article discusses the background and evolution of the ADDIE methodology, its basic concepts, and the application of ADDIE model in teaching and learning. It will also explain each phase of the ADDIE framework and discuss its possible implementations.

The ADDIE Model 2025 Table of Contents

1. What is the ADDIE Model for 2025?
2. Evolution of the ADDIE Model
3. Phases of the ADDIE Model
4. Advantages of the ADDIE model
5. Can proficiency in the ADDIE Model boost career prospects?
6. How does the ADDIE model contribute to cost-effectiveness in digital education?
7. How can the ADDIE model be applied to vocational training and skills development?
8. Applications of the ADDIE Model
9. Modifying ADDIE Model for Diverse Learning
10. How can the ADDIE model be applied to microlearning?
11. What are the key performance indicators for evaluating the ADDIE model?
12. How can the ADDIE model be integrated with agile methodologies?
13. Real-World Applications of the ADDIE Model in Higher Education
14. How can the ADDIE model support advanced academic and professional pursuits?
15. Challenges in Applying the ADDIE Model

Efficient learning is based on the concept of sound instructional design (What is Instructional Design, n.d.). Also called instructional systems design, instructional design (ID) traces its roots to the United States military’s post-World War II research into finding effective, manageable methods of creating training programs. As a result of this research, there have been more than 100 different variations of instructional design models developed since the 1970s.

Instructional design has played an integral role in the education and corporate sectors since its inception. Technology has greatly influenced various instructional design factors, including learners’ and instructors’ beliefs about knowledge, instruction, and learning (Warren et al, 2014). According to one industry trends report on instructional design, for instance, emerging technologies and concepts, such as gamification, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence continue to have an impact on the learning process.

Despite advancements in technology used for education and learning, however, almost all instructional design models reflect the generic ADDIE design model, developed in 1975, with its phases of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The following sections discuss each of these phases in detail.

What is the ADDIE Model for 2025?

The ADDIE instructional design is commonly used to develop courses and streamline the production of training material. The concept was created in 1975 by the Center for Educational Technology at Florida State University for the U.S. Army. Shortly after its inception, the ADDIE training model was adapted by the U.S. Armed Forces (Branson et al., 1975).

According to the ADDIE process, there are five phases or stages in the creation of tools that support training: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The original goal of the process was to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of education and training by fitting instructions to jobs and providing instruction in areas most critical to job performance (Allen, 2006).

Allen further explains that intelligently using the ADDIE model’s systems-based approach produces the most effective results in choosing solutions to instructional problems.

Evolution of the ADDIE Model

The ADDIE model instructional design has undergone a number of changes over the years. The following sections discuss these changes more specifically.

Original ADDIE Model

The original ADDIE model encompasses a five-phase process that allowed for the analysis of instructional needs and the design, development, and implementation of instructional methods (Kurt, 2017). Evaluation methods throughout the process ensure continuous improvement, and the model was intended to be used in a linear fashion, with one phase being completed before the next began.

Allen (2006) explains that, as it was originally defined, the ADDIE process represented state-of-the-art specifications for the design and development of military training processes. When this instructional design model was developed, it was intended to be used within the context of learning highly specific job tasks by homogeneous teams of learners. Moreover, behavioral learning theories at the time stated that instruction would be efficient even without a focus on the theories behind the activities or tasks being performed.

According to Molenda et al. (1996), the original version of the ADDIE model worked well for the military and in business and industry settings as well.

Revised ADDIE Models

According to Smith & Ragan (2004), a number of factors stretched the capabilities of the original ADDIE process. These factors, which include increasingly complex job requirements, constant changes in the instructional environment, and emerging instructional technologies and instructional development tools, have resulted in the need for the ADDIE model to be revised to be adaptable to today’s instructional environments.

Several instructional design practitioners have made revisions to the original ADDIE model, making it more interactive and dynamic (Kurt, 2017). Allen (2006) points out, for instance, that, in many new iterations of the ADDIE process, evaluation assumes a central function that takes place at every phase. Moreover, many of the new versions of the ADDIE model emphasize the continuity of the process and that each phase focuses on continuous quality improvements of the overall system.

Dick et al. (2005) further explain that revised ADDIE models are designed to be simple and flexible. With these new processes, instructional design experts with varying levels of expertise can understand and use the ADDIE model in the development of effective instructional systems for a wide variety of learning objectives and environments.

Phases of the ADDIE Model

The ADDIE process is a systematic instructional design model that includes five steps or phases, each of which is discussed below.

Analysis

Muruganantham (2015) claims that the analysis phase is the foundation of all other phases of instructional design, including the ADDIE process. At this initial stage, potential instructional problems and objectives are identified. Learners’ existing knowledge and skills are also evaluated to determine the type and extent of instruction needed.

Muruganantham (2015) further points out that the analysis phase can include specific research techniques such as needs analysis, goal analysis, and task analysis. A needs analysis technique, for instance, will help instructional designers determine the resources required and the potential constraints of their plans of action.

Questions included in needs analyses for this phase of the ADDIE model can include:

• Who are the learners and what are their characteristics?
• What skills must learners achieve by the end of the project?
• What are the potential learning constraints?
• What are the delivery options possible?

Mayfield (2011) further suggests that results from prior learning modules or courses should be used as input for the analysis phase. By the end of the analysis phase, learning goal targets should be determined, along with available resources for module deployment.

Design

In the design phase of the ADDIE model, instructional designers map out the process of how learners will achieve the desired learning objectives. According to Kurt (2017), the design phase should be executed with a systematic approach, following a specific set of rules.

Data collected or obtained during the analysis phase serves as input for the design phase, helping instructional designers choose instruction strategies and materials that will be most effective for the learners involved (Arkun & Akkoyunlu, 2008). Timeframes for learning activities and feedback mechanisms are also determined at this stage of the ADDIE model.

Additionally, during this phase, potential instruction strategies are tested (Allen, 2006). Existing instructional materials are also reviewed. This helps instructional designers determine if the materials are applicable to the plans under development.

Development

At the development phase, instructional designers get to work, creating the assets and materials described in the previous design phase. The created content includes the overall learning framework, exercises, lectures, simulations, and other training materials (Mayfield, 2011). Moreover, system testers perform various procedures that identify errors in the instructional strategies planned and improve processes as needed (ADDIE Model, n.d.).

After course materials are developed, designers also perform pilot tests where course materials and instructional methods are rehearsed (Davis, 2013). Feedback from these pilot tests can help identify weaknesses and enhance the entire program before implementation.

Given technology’s effect on learning trends today, the development phase of the process can include the integration of elearning for delivering instruction and training. According to Docebo’s 2019 E-Learning Trends report, for instance, 87% of learning and development teams are planning to use elearning as a training delivery method in 2020.

Training Delivery Technology L&D Teams Plan to Use in 2020

Source: Source: Docebo

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Implementation

The implementation phase of the ADDIE model deals with the actual delivery of the program or course to the learners. According to Morrison et al. (2007), there are three steps to the implementation phase of the ADDIE training process:

• training educators to increase their understanding of the course content and materials
• arranging the learners to ensure they have access to the materials and tools they need to complete the program’s activities and ensure the expansion of their knowledge
• setting up an environment that is conducive to learning

While learners consume the materials developed in the previous phases, instructors must ensure that learners understand the material and achieve the learning objectives. More importantly, instructors must observe and document students’ performance as well as their attitudes and behaviors towards the learning process (Yeh & Tseng, 2019). These observations serve as valuable inputs for the process’ evaluation phase.

Evaluation

The evaluation phase measures the effectiveness and efficiency of the instructional program. In revised ADDIE models, evaluation is the centerpiece of the process (Allen, 2006). The evaluation process starts with the analysis phase and continues throughout the lifecycle of the learning program.

According to Allen (2006), the evaluation phase consists of:

• formative evaluation, where products and processes are evaluated at each stage of the ADDIE process to ensure quality and continued progress
• summative evaluation, which focuses on the outcome of the learning program as a whole and includes an assessment of the program’s overall effectiveness

Allen (2006) further argues that the entire ADDIE process takes place within the framework of continuous quality improvement. As instructional designers move through the different phases of the ADDIE training model, the processes used and outcomes of each phase are evaluated against instructional requirements and principles of learning.

Advantages of the ADDIE Model

According to Mayfield (2011), the ADDIE process has become an extremely popular framework for the creation of training programs. Mayfield further claims that this instructional design model is used by many instructors, trainers, and universities.

The following are a few of the reported benefits of using the ADDIE model as a framework for designing courses:

• Through the ADDIE model, best-practice principles for designing instructional programs can be identified. Due to the systematic nature of the process, the ADDIE model can facilitate the design and development of a large number of high-quality training courses (Dick et al., 2009).
• The ADDIE training model helps instructional designers provide more effectively designed programs, as well as learning objectives and materials that are more clearly defined and structured. The process also allows for a more organized workload both for instructors and learners (Allen & Sites, 2012).
• According to Branch (2010), one of the most significant advantages of the ADDIE process is that its evaluation phase can be carried out through processes that result in measurable and specific outcomes.

Can proficiency in the ADDIE Model boost career prospects?

Mastering the ADDIE model equips instructional designers and training professionals with practical skills that drive career advancement. By applying systematic design and evaluation methods, experts can develop innovative training initiatives tailored to rapidly evolving industry needs. This proficiency enhances marketability in corporate, academic, and military environments, positioning professionals to take on leadership roles in educational program development and organizational learning. For those exploring further education or career transitions, pursuing qualifications in fields aligned with this expertise can be a strategic move, especially when considering opportunities in majors that make the most money.

Implementations of the ADDIE Model

As one of the most widely used instructional design models today, the ADDIE process has been applied to numerous learning situations and environments.

For instance, a team of librarians from Oakland University used the ADDIE training model as a framework for designing an online information literacy course and strengthening student engagement (Nichols Hess & Greer, 2016). In the context of creating this course, it was discovered that the ADDIE model provided a structure that librarians can use for developing instructional methods that are more collaborative and interactive. The instructional design model also helped librarians consider student engagement and assessment more intentionally, without compromising literacy-specific standards.

When it comes to implementing the ADDIE model in research, a team of professionals at a small branch campus of a research university also followed the ADDIE process to redesign a general chemistry course into a blended learning course (Shibley et al., 2011). Following the phases of the ADDIE model, student learner characteristics and learning objectives were identified, along with the students’ specific pain points on the subject matter. A collaborative learning environment and class guides were created in the design and development phases to facilitate more effective online learning. By the end of the learning program, the average student grade in the course had improved.

How does the ADDIE model contribute to cost-effectiveness in digital education?

By systematically structuring course design and continuously refining instructional strategies, the ADDIE model minimizes redundant resource expenditures and promotes measurable returns on investment. Its iterative framework ensures that budget allocations are consistently optimized through targeted development, testing, and evaluation stages. This approach enables institutions to effectively balance quality and cost while accommodating technological advancements and shifting learner expectations. Furthermore, integrating cost-efficient solutions into instructional design can extend educational opportunities to a broader audience, including those seeking affordable online colleges that accept FAFSA.

How can the ADDIE model be adapted to meet diverse learner needs?

In modern instructional design, catering to diverse learners is critical for achieving inclusive and effective education. The ADDIE model, while traditionally structured, can be adapted to meet the needs of learners from different backgrounds, learning styles, and abilities. Below are ways in which ADDIE can be modified for diverse learning needs:

• Customizing instructional materials: During the design and development phases, instructional designers can incorporate a variety of learning resources such as videos, interactive modules, and written content to accommodate different learning styles (visual, auditory, kinesthetic).
• Incorporating accessibility features: Ensure that instructional materials are compliant with accessibility standards (e.g., WCAG). This includes adding alt text to images, providing transcripts for videos, and ensuring that learning platforms are screen reader-compatible.
• Utilizing differentiated instruction: In the analysis phase, designers can identify varying learner profiles and develop materials that address different levels of prior knowledge, learning speeds, and language proficiencies.
• Ongoing feedback and formative assessment: During the evaluation phase, instructors can implement frequent, low-stakes assessments to gather feedback and adapt instruction to address learner challenges in real-time.
• Culturally responsive materials: During the development phase, materials can be adapted to reflect diverse cultural perspectives and experiences, ensuring that learners feel represented and engaged.

How can the ADDIE model be applied to vocational training and skills development?

The ADDIE framework’s structured phases can be tailored to address the unique demands of vocational education. By systematically analyzing industry skill gaps and designing targeted curricula, the model supports the development of practical, hands-on training that aligns with industry standards. Rigorous development and pilot testing of trade-specific modules ensure that learning objectives are met efficiently. Additionally, continuous evaluation facilitates quick adjustments to meet evolving labor market requirements, ultimately enhancing training outcomes and professional readiness. For instance, well-designed vocational programs have demonstrated improvements in career prospects, as reflected by the average salary after trade school.

How can the ADDIE model be applied to microlearning?

The ADDIE model supports the creation of microlearning modules by enabling educators to distill content into concise, targeted segments that meet specific learning needs. By leveraging data from the analysis phase, instructional designers can identify precise knowledge gaps and rapidly develop focused content in the design and development phases. This approach is particularly effective in accelerated digital environments, where iterative evaluation ensures each micro-module remains responsive to learner feedback and industry demands. In practice, microlearning promotes swift yet measurable progress, making it ideal for time-sensitive programs such as the best associate degree in 6 months online.

What are the key performance indicators for evaluating the ADDIE model?

Establishing clear performance indicators is essential for assessing the effectiveness of the ADDIE process. Quantitative metrics—such as learner engagement rates, course completion percentages, and assessment score improvements—provide objective measures of success. Qualitative feedback from learners and educators, collected via surveys and interviews, further refines instructional strategies and highlights areas for improvement. Additionally, benchmarking these results against industry standards supports data-driven decisions that align with institutional goals and professional advancement. Evaluating outcomes in this manner ensures that course adaptations remain responsive to evolving learner needs, as exemplified by programs offering the easiest online degree.

How can the ADDIE model be integrated with agile methodologies?

Integrating agile methodologies with the ADDIE model involves incorporating iterative reviews and adaptive planning into each phase. This hybrid approach leverages agile’s rapid prototyping and continuous feedback mechanisms while maintaining the systematic structure of ADDIE. Project teams can implement time-boxed sprints during the development phase and frequent stand-up meetings during implementation to quickly address emerging challenges. This method also emphasizes collaborative decision-making and stakeholder involvement to ensure that curriculum adjustments align seamlessly with evolving learner needs. Professionals looking to further their expertise in innovative instructional design approaches may consider advancing their qualifications through programs such as easy doctorate degrees.

Real-World Applications of the ADDIE Model in Higher Education

The ADDIE model's adaptability makes it a valuable framework for higher education settings, particularly when developing courses with varied instructional goals or delivery methods. For example, many universities have started leveraging this model to create robust online learning programs tailored to meet the educational needs of a global audience. A specific application resides in the development of accelerated courses that cater to students seeking to complete their degrees faster while maintaining academic rigor.

Institutions implementing this model often begin by analyzing learner demographics and needs, focusing on time-constrained individuals, such as working professionals. During the design and development phases, course structures are modified to include flexible learning modules, self-paced assignments, and digital content delivery. Pilot tests within the development phase allow instructors to fine-tune these accelerated formats, ensuring that they meet both quality standards and learning outcomes.

The systematic implementation of these courses has demonstrated success in boosting learner engagement and retention. Programs like accelerated degree programs online exemplify how such an approach can fulfill diverse learner requirements by blending practical coursework and condensed timelines. These innovations showcase the ADDIE model’s capacity to address modern educational demands effectively.

By grounding such programs in continuous evaluation, higher education institutions not only measure learner success but also identify areas where instructional methods can evolve to stay aligned with industry standards and learner needs. This iterative process ensures that applied ADDIE methodologies remain relevant and impactful in a rapidly changing academic landscape.

How can the ADDIE model support advanced academic and professional pursuits?

The ADDIE model’s systematic structure offers a robust framework for organizing complex research projects and advanced coursework. It enables academic professionals to design and refine their research proposals, ensuring that methodologies, data collection, and iterative analysis are clearly defined. This disciplined approach not only enhances the quality of academic output but also supports structured professional development by creating measurable pathways from theory to practical application. Educators and researchers have leveraged this model to streamline dissertation processes and elevate publication standards, thereby bridging the gap between academic inquiry and career advancement. For individuals aiming to integrate rigorous instructional design with advanced academic qualifications, pursuing an online doctorate can offer strategic insights and further credibility.

Challenges in Applying the ADDIE Model

The ADDIE model is a widely respected instructional design framework. Still, its application in real-world scenarios is not without challenges. Addressing these hurdles is crucial for maximizing its effectiveness.

• Time Constraints: The ADDIE model’s systematic nature can make it time-intensive. Completing all five phases—analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation—may not align with tight deadlines in fast-paced environments like corporate training or emergency educational initiatives.
• Limited Resources: Organizations with budget constraints often struggle to implement the ADDIE model effectively. Developing high-quality instructional materials and conducting thorough evaluations require investments in tools, technologies, and skilled personnel.
• Resistance to Change: Introducing the ADDIE model can face resistance from teams unfamiliar with its structured approach. Employees or instructors accustomed to more informal methods may find the model rigid or overly complicated, hindering its adoption.
• Scalability Issues: While the ADDIE model is highly structured, scaling it for large or diverse audiences can be challenging. For example, adapting a training program for a global workforce with varied cultural contexts and learning styles may require significant adjustments.
• Complexity in Feedback Integration: While continuous evaluation is a core strength of the ADDIE model, incorporating feedback from multiple stakeholders can complicate the process. Balancing input from learners, instructors, and administrators often requires additional time and resources.
• Rapid Technological Changes: The rise of eLearning tools, gamification, and AI-driven platforms demands constant updates to instructional materials. The linearity of the ADDIE model may not always support the flexibility required to incorporate emerging technologies efficiently.

By acknowledging these challenges and planning proactive strategies, such as blending ADDIE with more iterative methods or simplifying certain phases, instructional designers can ensure its successful application even in resource-constrained or dynamic environments. The ADDIE model remains a valuable tool for learners exploring cost-effective ways to enhance their skills when paired with modern options like cheap online masters degrees.

The Future of the ADDIE Model

The ADDIE model has received its fair share of criticisms. Allen (2006), for instance, pointed out that the original ADDIE process was excessively complex and lacked systemic connections to the needs of the host organization. The many versions of ADDIE that have evolved over the years are the result of the detection of these flaws.

Despite the criticisms of the ADDIE training process, however, Wengroff (2019) believes that the model will continue to stand the test of time, due to the flexibility of its different phases and the reliability of the principles involved in its process.

Key Insights

• Flexibility and Adaptability: The ADDIE model has undergone significant revisions since its inception, making it more adaptable to modern instructional environments and diverse learning needs.
• Systematic Approach: The model's structured, phase-based approach ensures comprehensive analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation, facilitating high-quality instructional design.
• Emphasis on Evaluation: Continuous evaluation at every phase ensures ongoing quality improvement and effectiveness of instructional programs.
• Technology Integration: The model supports the incorporation of emerging technologies such as eLearning, gamification, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence, enhancing modern instructional design.
• Practical Applications: The ADDIE model is widely used in various fields, including military training, corporate training, and education, demonstrating its versatility and effectiveness.
• Global Impact: The ADDIE model's application in different contexts, such as libraries and research universities, highlights its broad utility and positive impact on learning outcomes.

FAQ

1. What is the ADDIE model?

The ADDIE model is an instructional design framework used to develop courses and training programs. It consists of five phases: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation.

2. How did the ADDIE model originate?

The ADDIE model was created in 1975 by the Center for Educational Technology at Florida State University for the U.S. Army. It was later adapted by the U.S. Armed Forces for military training processes.

3. What are the phases of the ADDIE model?

The ADDIE model consists of five phases:

1. Analysis: Identifying instructional needs and learning objectives.
2. Design: Mapping out the instructional strategy and materials.
3. Development: Creating the instructional materials and content.
4. Implementation: Delivering the instructional program to learners.
5. Evaluation: Assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of the instructional program.

4. What are the benefits of using the ADDIE model?

The ADDIE model offers several benefits, including a systematic approach to instructional design, continuous evaluation for quality improvement, adaptability to modern technologies, and the ability to create high-quality, effective training programs.

5. How has the ADDIE model evolved over time?

The ADDIE model has evolved to become more interactive and dynamic. Revisions emphasize continuous evaluation and the flexibility to adapt to changing instructional environments and technologies.

6. What are some practical applications of the ADDIE model?

The ADDIE model has been applied in various contexts, including military training, corporate training, educational programs, and online learning. Examples include designing online information literacy courses and blended learning environments in universities.

7. What are the main criticisms of the ADDIE model?

Criticisms of the ADDIE model include its original complexity and lack of connection to organizational needs. However, many of these issues have been addressed through revisions and adaptations over the years.

8. How does the ADDIE model incorporate technology in instructional design?

The ADDIE model supports the integration of emerging technologies such as eLearning, gamification, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence. These technologies enhance the design and delivery of modern instructional programs.

9. Why is evaluation a critical component of the ADDIE model?

Evaluation is critical because it ensures the effectiveness and efficiency of the instructional program. Continuous evaluation throughout all phases of the ADDIE process helps identify areas for improvement and ensures the program meets its learning objectives.

10. What is the future of the ADDIE model?

Despite criticisms, the ADDIE model is expected to remain a widely used and reliable instructional design framework due to its flexibility, systematic approach, and ability to adapt to new technologies and instructional needs.

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