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Best Accounting Schools in Tennessee for 2025 – How to Become a CPA in TN
Tennessee is the third-best state for businesses in 2023 (CNBC, 2023), making it among the top destinations for number crunchers. It has also secured a spot among the top states that witnessed the largest annual percent change in GDP from late 2022 to early 2023 (Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2023). As the state’s business prowess continues to grow, each CPA in Tennessee takes center stage.
The field of accounting stands as an essential pillar in this thriving economy, serving as the financial backbone of various industries. Students aspiring to begin a prosperous accounting career can find success by choosing accounting schools that will equip them with the skills to contribute to Tennessee’s economic narrative.
In this guide, our team aids every prospective CPA in Tennessee by providing a short list of accounting programs and a step-by-step process on how to become a certified professional in the state. We also include information on the program costs, duration, and employment outlook to further guide you in starting an accounting career in Tennessee.
Best Accounting Schools in Tennessee Table of Contents
Pursuing accounting in Tennessee is a huge decision. There are practical reasons that you must consider before starting a life in the state. For instance, wondering about how much do accountants make in Tennessee or if there are there any good accounting schools in TN can be pivotal in shaping your choice. Therefore, you must first arm yourself with the knowledge needed to make informed choices.
Strong demand. Accountants and auditors in Tennessee are expected to grow in the workforce by 17% from 2020 to 2030, producing around 2,760 jobs each year (O*NET OnLine, n.d.). They are also in demand in nine Tennessean regions (TN Higher Education Commission & Depts. of Education, Labor and Workforce Dev’t., and Economic and Community Dev’t., 2022), making it one of the most favorable states for accounting professionals.
Low cost of living. Tennessee has one of the lowest costs of living in the United States in 2023. With an index of 90.40, the state’s cost of living is lower than the national baseline of 100 (World Population Review, 2023). This means that you can spend on different expenses and save money without stretching your budget.
Promising wages. CPA jobs with accounting degree in the state garner around $73,360 each year while bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerical jobs generate $43,330 yearly (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023a). Accountants and auditors in metropolitan areas like Nashville, Davidson, Murfreesboro, and Franklin make as much as $77,490 (BLS, 2023b), making the state an attractive destination for professionals.
What are the steps to becoming a CPA in Tennessee?
You may apply for the Uniform CPA Exam while still studying. However, you can only sit for it once you have completed your baccalaureate degree and at least 18 semester hours of upper-division level accounting education. Alternatively, you may accomplish all the education requirements first before applying for the exam. To be eligible for a license and become a CPA in Tennessee, you must:
Hold a bachelor’s degree and/or higher with a total of 150 semester hours. This must include 30 semester hours in accounting (at least 24 of which are in upper-division courses) and 24 semester hours in general business courses.
Apply for the exam through CPA Central. Submit the Notarization and Photograph Forms. Official transcript/s must be submitted through your institution/s. Pay the application fee ($170) and the exam fee ($254.80 for each exam section).
Schedule your examination date. You can take the CPA Exam in any order or individually as long as you pass all four sections within 18 months.
Finish the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) Ethics Examination through AICPA or the Tennessee Society of CPAs (TSCPA) and attain a score of 90% or higher.
The Tennessee CPA license requirements also state that you must accomplish at least 2,000 hours of accounting work experience under the supervision of an active CPA in TN.
The National Association of State Boards of Accountancy (NASBA) will notify the Tennessee Board of Accountancy once you have passed the CPA Exam and transmit your scores and candidate file to the Board.
After receiving instructions, apply for a CPA license online. Upload your Ethics Exam Certificate and Work Experience Form and pay the license application fee of $100.
CPA licenses in Tennessee are renewed every two years. You must earn 80 CPE hours, with a minimum of 20 hours acquired each year. The total CPE hours should include at least 40 hours related to technical subjects, like accounting, auditing, business law, or taxation. Moreover, you must complete another ethics requirement from a Board-approved program.
Accounting Program Length in Tennessee
The duration of accounting programs in TN can vary depending on the institution, degree type, and preferred load, offering students flexible pathways to achieve their CPA aspirations. For comparison, baccalaureate programs can take four years to finish while master’s degrees can have a duration of 10 to 12 months. There are also accelerated or dual-credit programs that enable you to complete both degrees in five years. It will also take one to two years to garner experience, take the CPA Exam, and earn your license from the TN Board of Accountancy.
Take note of the importance of accredited accounting programs as this ensures a comprehensive education that aligns with industry standards and regulatory requirements. Accounting programs in the U.S. are accredited by Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB), the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP), or the International Accreditation Council for Business Education (IACBE).
Tuition and Costs of Accounting Programs in Tennessee
Becoming a CPA in Tennessee can be quite costly, especially if you wish to enroll in a prestigious institution. However, other factors can contribute to the changes in your tuition and overall cost of attendance. This can include fees for residency, books, supplies, technological requirements, boarding and meals, and other miscellaneous fees. This is why there are affordable programs, like an online masters accounting degree, that have relatively reduced costs.
On average, though, public four-year undergraduate programs in TN from 2022 to 2023 cost $10,570 in-state and $25,020 out-of-state (Ma & Pender, 2022). Private four-year undergraduate programs in the state charged $29,862 from 2020 to 2021 (National Center for Education Statistics, 2022). Meanwhile, the tuition and fees of a master’s degree from 2022 to 2023 can reach $9,150 (public) to $30,650 (private nonprofit) (Ma & Pender, 2022).
Tennessee Schools Offering Accounting Programs for 2025
To help you become a CPA in Tennessee, our team features five top-tier accounting programs in the state. We looked into the curricula, affordability, accreditation, and other key metrics of these institutions to help you narrow down your choices and assist you in meeting the licensure requirements in Tennessee.
1. University of Memphis
The University of Memphis offers an affordable Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) in Accounting to guide each learner in becoming a CPA in Tennessee. Its curriculum is geared toward shaping students to be critical thinkers, great communicators, and competent professionals. With advanced courses like cost accounting, data analytics, and audit and assurance services, the university equips students with the necessary skills to thrive in the workforce.
Cost per Credit Hour: $431 (in-state), $616 (out-of-state)
Required Credits to Graduate: 120-122
Accreditation: AACSB, Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC)
2. Tennessee State University
Students figuring out how to become a CPA in TN can find their solutions with Tennessee State University’s BBA in Accounting program, which combines general education and core accounting concepts. The university’s experiential learning approach helps students develop the technical skills and ethical foundation they need in the field. Its internship course also presents students with opportunities for hands-on experiences and the application of their theoretical studies.
Cost per Credit Hour: $358 (in-state), $888 (out-of-state)
Required Credits to Graduate: 120
Accreditation: AACSB, SACSCOC
3. East Tennessee State University
East Tennessee State University fully prepares every student to become a CPA in Tennessee with its comprehensive Master of Accountancy (MAcc) program. Its curriculum includes key specialization courses that specifically target the advanced skills required in the field. It also features a graduate internship and capstone in accounting experience to solidify students’ practical skills and provide a seamless transition from academia to the professional world.
Cost per Credit Hour: $613 (in-state), $1,454 (out-of-state)
To assist students in accomplishing their TN CPA requirements, the University of Tennessee Knoxville offers a MAcc that delivers a tailored pathway toward success. The university aims to produce CPAs who are well-versed in accounting by training them with courses like analytics and disruptive technologies, cybersecurity, and tax strategies. Aside from that, the university also exposes learners to career development events and seminars to widen their professional connections.
Cost per Credit Hour: $751 (in-state), $1,779 (out-of-state)
Concentrations: Audit and Controls, Information Management, Taxation
Required Credits to Graduate: 30
Accreditation: AACSB, SACSCOC
5. Middle Tennessee State University
Middle Tennessee State University delivers a well-rounded MAcc program that blends theoretical principles with real-life experiences. A student wishing to be a CPA in Tennessee can complete their credentials by taking the core courses like accounting analytics, international taxation, and legal topics in corporate governance. Moreover, the university holds a Meet the Firms program that enables learners to build relationships with prospective employers early.
Cost per Credit Hour: $618 (in-state), $1,565 (out-of-state)
Concentrations: Assurance, Tax Accounting
Required Credits to Graduate: 30
Accreditation: AACSB, SACSCOC
How can online accounting programs benefit students in Tennessee?
Online accounting programs in Tennessee provide flexibility and accessibility, making them an ideal choice for students who need to balance work, life, and their educational goals. These programs allow students to earn their degrees or certificates without the constraints of a traditional classroom setting. This option is especially valuable for those who are working full-time or have other personal commitments, as online courses can often be completed at their own pace.
In Tennessee, several accredited online programs offer students the same quality education as their on-campus counterparts. These programs often have the added benefit of being more affordable, with reduced costs for commuting, housing, and campus-related fees. Furthermore, online students have access to a wide range of resources, such as virtual libraries, tutoring services, and online networking opportunities with peers and professors.
Many of the state's leading universities, including those offering master's and graduate certificates in accounting, now offer online courses that can be completed in as little as one year. For instance, students interested in furthering their credentials may choose to pursue an graduate certificate in accounting online, which can help boost their expertise without the time commitment of a full master's degree.
Online programs also provide a unique advantage for students in rural areas or those with limited access to campus-based programs. As the accounting industry continues to evolve with new technologies, online learning equips students with the digital skills necessary for modern accounting practices, preparing them for the future of the profession.
What to Look for in an Accounting Program in Tennessee
Before you complete the Tennessee CPA exam requirements, checking other factors that may affect your education and career is also a crucial step that must not be overlooked. Here, we highlight some that can make or break your decision in committing to an accounting program.
Specialization. As you look into TN accounting programs, consider a degree in your specialization, such as a forensic accounting degree online. Check if the program curriculum and objectives align with your goals for this helps you maximize your learning experience and prepare you better once you are in the field.
Program events. Engaging program events, like career fairs, workshops, seminars, and guest lectures, can help you become a CPA in Tennessee by providing you with the opportunity to learn from experts. This also aids you to establish connections with potential work peers, mentors, and employers.
Field experiences. Practical field experiences bridge the gap between theory and application. Internships, practicums, and capstone projects immerse you in real accounting scenarios, equip you with practical skills, and show you a preview of the perks and challenges you will face in your career.
Scholarships. To help decrease the cost of your education, you can take advantage of various forms of financial aid. Scholarship statistics and data show that the average grant aid for each full-time undergraduate student from 2021 to 2022 was $10,590 and $9,120 per graduate student (Ma & Pender, 2022).
How can integrating healthcare insights bolster accounting careers in Tennessee?
Accounting professionals in Tennessee are increasingly finding value in acquiring interdisciplinary insights—particularly in the healthcare sector. A nuanced understanding of healthcare operations not only sharpens financial analysis skills but also enhances the ability to navigate complex regulatory environments and risk assessments unique to medical institutions. By leveraging complementary knowledge in healthcare, professionals can influence areas such as cost management, revenue cycle optimization, and compliance strategies in organizations where financial and patient care interests intersect. In this context, exploring alternative career pathways and supplementary education—like how to become a nurse practitioner in Tennessee—can further expand an accountant’s expertise and market relevance.
What Additional Certifications Can Enhance Your Accounting Credentials in Tennessee?
Expanding your expertise through specialized certifications can offer a competitive edge in Tennessee’s dynamic accounting landscape. Pursuing targeted credentials—such as the bookkeeping certification—demonstrates a commitment to mastering select technical skills and adapting to evolving industry standards. These additional qualifications not only validate your proficiency in niche areas but also open pathways to roles in auditing, compliance, and financial management, thereby supporting sustained career advancement.
How can interdisciplinary studies like forensic science elevate accounting careers in Tennessee?
Integrating specialized disciplines into accounting practices can offer a significant competitive edge in today's dynamic financial landscape. By expanding expertise beyond conventional accounting, professionals can address complex challenges such as fraud detection, internal investigations, and compliance risks with a more analytical and investigative approach. In this regard, acquiring cross-disciplinary qualifications promotes the versatility necessary to serve in emerging areas like forensic accounting and investigative auditing. Additionally, pursuing a forensic science degree in Tennessee further equips accounting professionals with advanced methodological skills, making them highly effective in areas where financial scrutiny and legal conformity intersect.
How can accelerated accounting programs fast-track your CPA journey in Tennessee?
Accelerated accounting programs provide an efficient pathway by condensing coursework and integrating practical training, enabling students to complete degree requirements sooner. These programs are specifically designed to expedite academic progress while maintaining rigorous standards, allowing prospective CPAs to meet examination prerequisites in a shorter period. By leveraging streamlined curricula and flexible scheduling, students can transition into the professional realm more quickly and gain an early foothold in Tennessee’s competitive market. For further program comparisons and detailed insights, please explore our article on accelerated accounting programs.
Advantages of Online Accounting Programs in Tennessee
With the landscape of higher education evolving rapidly, online accounting programs have become a vital component of educational offerings in Tennessee. These programs cater to a diverse student base, ranging from working professionals seeking career advancement to individuals in remote areas who may not have easy access to traditional college campuses.
Online accounting programs offer several benefits:
Flexibility: Online programs provide the flexibility to balance studies with personal and professional responsibilities. Students can access coursework and lectures online at any time, which is particularly beneficial for those who need to manage work schedules and family commitments.
Cost-effectiveness: Typically, online programs are more cost-effective than their on-campus counterparts. Students can save on commuting, housing, and some of the fees that apply to on-campus students.
Broader Access to Specializations: Online programs often offer a wider range of courses and specializations, allowing students to tailor their education to their career goals without being limited by geographic location.
Technology Integration: Pursuing an accounting degree online ensures that students are adept at using digital tools and platforms, which are integral to modern accounting practices.
For those considering this route, top online accounting programs provide comprehensive curricula and rigorous training, comparable to traditional settings. They also offer the added advantage of integrating theoretical knowledge with practical applications through interactive content and virtual simulations, ensuring that graduates are well-prepared for the accounting profession.
What are the CPA requirements in Tennessee?
Understand the distinct criteria that establish a strong foundation for a career in accounting within the state. This section outlines strategic considerations for meeting the three pivotal pillars: academic preparation, practical experience, and examination readiness. Stay updated on state-specific policies, including ethics and continuing education mandates, to ensure compliance throughout your professional journey. For a comprehensive overview of eligibility criteria and licensing timelines, refer to CPA requirements in Tennessee.
Can accounting graduates transition to academic roles in Tennessee?
Accounting graduates who wish to blend their professional expertise with a passion for mentoring may consider transitioning into academic roles. In Tennessee, diverse opportunities exist for CPAs to contribute as educators—whether through adjunct positions at community colleges or universities, or by participating in continuing education programs that benefit future professionals. This pathway not only reinforces technical proficiency but also helps in shaping the next generation of financial experts. For more insights on educational prerequisites in teaching, review what degree do you need to be a teacher in Tennessee.
How can urban planning insights refine CPA strategies in Tennessee?
Urban planning principles—such as strategic development, resource allocation, and regulatory adaptation—offer a framework that can be applied to financial forecasting and risk management in accounting. By analyzing local urban growth trends and infrastructure investments, CPAs can enhance their understanding of economic drivers influencing business cycles and client operations. This interdisciplinary perspective supports the development of more robust analytical models and financial strategies tailored to Tennessee’s dynamic market. Professionals interested in expanding their expertise can explore opportunities and methodologies outlined in this how to become an urban planner in Tennessee guide.
How can accounting professionals contribute to educational excellence in Tennessee?
Accounting professionals can play an integral role in advancing educational standards and fostering financial literacy by partnering with academic institutions and community initiatives. By sharing industry insights and offering mentorship, they help bridge the gap between theoretical learning and practical application. This engagement supports curriculum refinement, promotes real-world problem-solving, and encourages students to explore careers that merge analytical skills with education. For professionals considering a shift toward teaching and community involvement, discover how to become a high school math teacher in Tennessee as a pathway to further influence educational development in the state.
How can networking and professional organizations benefit aspiring CPAs in Tennessee?
Networking and involvement in professional organizations are crucial steps for aspiring CPAs looking to build a successful career in Tennessee’s accounting field. Engaging with industry peers and mentors can provide valuable insights, support, and resources. Here are some ways networking and joining professional organizations can help:
Access to Mentorship: By joining professional accounting organizations, students and early-career accountants can connect with seasoned CPAs and financial experts. Mentorship provides guidance on exam preparation, career planning, and skill development, offering a roadmap for achieving CPA goals.
Job and Internship Opportunities: Many organizations and accounting events, such as those hosted by the Tennessee Society of CPAs (TSCPA), provide job boards, career fairs, and networking events. These opportunities give aspiring CPAs direct access to potential employers and internships in the field, which are often pivotal for gaining relevant experience.
Skill Development Workshops: Professional organizations frequently hold seminars, workshops, and conferences on industry-specific skills like tax regulation updates, audit techniques, and accounting technology. Attending these events helps CPAs stay competitive in a fast-evolving industry.
Exam Preparation Resources: CPA organizations often offer resources, discounts, or group study sessions for CPA Exam preparation. Many even provide access to practice exams, which can be a valuable tool for aspiring CPAs working toward certification.
Building a Professional Reputation: Active participation in industry events and conferences allows accounting students and early professionals to establish a name for themselves in the Tennessee accounting community, which can enhance future career prospects.
Staying Updated on Industry Trends: Networking events and professional organizations keep members informed of new regulations, industry standards, and best practices, ensuring that aspiring CPAs are well-prepared for the realities of the accounting field.
Career Opportunities for Accounting Graduates in Tennessee
Tennessee's thriving economic landscape offers myriad career opportunities for accounting graduates. As one of the state’s strongest sectors, accounting professionals are in demand across various industries, including healthcare, manufacturing, and technology. These roles extend beyond traditional bookkeeping and tax preparation to specialized positions such as financial analysis, forensic accounting, and compliance management.
Students aiming to work in Tennessee's accounting industry can start by exploring internships and entry-level positions that align with their career goals. Graduates pursuing advanced certifications, like the CPA designation, can unlock even more lucrative and leadership-oriented roles within top companies headquartered in the state.
For those interested in business education that combines strong accounting foundations with versatile career paths, reviewing the programs offered by the best business schools in Tennessee can provide a competitive edge. These institutions equip students with an integrated perspective on business and finance, enabling them to thrive in multidimensional roles.
Additionally, the vibrant startup scene in Tennessee invites accountants with entrepreneurial ambitions to branch out into consultancy or management in small businesses. With the state continuously attracting investments and expanding its global reach, accounting graduates have a pivotal opportunity to contribute to and benefit from Tennessee's economic growth.
What Alternative Careers Can Accounting Graduates in Tennessee Pursue?
Accounting graduates in Tennessee have a wide range of career opportunities beyond traditional accounting roles. For instance, they can consider careers in finance, management, or even education. If they are interested in teaching, they can explore the elementary school teacher requirements in Tennessee to discover how their accounting skills can be applied to a career in education. Additionally, accounting graduates can pursue roles in consulting, government, or non-profit organizations, leveraging their analytical and problem-solving skills to drive business growth and social impact. By considering these alternative career paths, accounting graduates in Tennessee can diversify their professional opportunities and create a lasting legacy in their chosen field.
How can accounting graduates diversify their careers with healthcare billing and coding?
Accounting professionals who seek to broaden their scope may consider expanding into healthcare billing and coding—a specialization that leverages financial analysis and precision in revenue cycle management. This alternative pathway can provide dual career opportunities by combining rigorous accounting skills with the operational demands of medical institutions. Focused certifications and targeted training enable graduates to address complex billing processes and enhance compliance within the healthcare sector. For additional guidance on this niche, explore how to be a medical coder in Tennessee.
Creating Legacies by Becoming a CPA in Tennessee
In this guide, our team thoroughly provided details on how to become a CPA in Tennessee and included a list of accounting programs in the state. We also discussed the program costs and duration, as well as important factors to consider when looking for an accounting program or working as a certified accountant in TN.
By selecting an accounting program that matches your needs and goals, you can start your professional journey and seize Tennessee’s economic momentum. Moreover, as you hone your skills, gather knowledge, and immerse yourself in the world of accounting, not only do you prepare yourself for a stable career but you also become part of a legacy of financial leaders who shape Tennessee’s economic fabric.
Key Insights
High Demand for Accountants: The accounting profession in Tennessee is experiencing significant growth, with a projected 17% increase in the workforce from 2020 to 2030, equating to around 2,760 job openings annually.
Low Cost of Living: Tennessee boasts one of the lowest costs of living in the U.S., with an index of 90.40, making it an attractive state for professionals seeking affordability.
Competitive Salaries: Accountants and auditors in Tennessee earn an average annual salary of $73,360, with higher wages in metropolitan areas like Nashville, where they can make up to $77,490.
Pathway to CPA: Becoming a CPA in Tennessee involves specific educational and experiential requirements, including completing 150 semester hours of education, passing the CPA Exam, and obtaining relevant work experience.
Diverse Educational Options: Tennessee offers a variety of accredited accounting programs across public and private institutions, providing flexibility in terms of program length, costs, and specializations.
FAQ
What are the main steps to becoming a CPA in Tennessee? To become a CPA in Tennessee, you must complete a bachelor's degree with 150 semester hours of education, including specific accounting and business courses. You then need to pass the Uniform CPA Exam, complete the AICPA Ethics Exam, and gain 2,000 hours of work experience under a licensed CPA. Finally, apply for licensure through the Tennessee State Board of Accountancy and meet ongoing CPE requirements for license renewal.
How long does it take to complete an accounting program in Tennessee? The duration of accounting programs varies. A bachelor's degree typically takes four years to complete, while a master's degree can take an additional one to two years. Accelerated programs are available that combine both degrees into a five-year plan. The entire process, including gaining work experience and passing exams, can take approximately six to eight years.
What are the costs associated with accounting programs in Tennessee? The costs of accounting programs in Tennessee vary by institution and program type. Public four-year undergraduate programs cost an average of $10,570 (in-state) and $25,020 (out-of-state) annually. Private four-year programs cost around $29,862 annually. Master's programs range from $9,150 to $30,650 per year. Additional costs include fees for books, supplies, and living expenses.
Are there scholarships available for accounting students in Tennessee? Yes, there are various scholarships and financial aid options available for accounting students in Tennessee. These can include merit-based scholarships, need-based grants, and specific scholarships for accounting students offered by professional organizations like the Tennessee Society of CPAs.
What should I look for when choosing an accounting program in Tennessee? When choosing an accounting program, consider factors such as accreditation, specialization options, cost, program length, and additional opportunities like internships and career events. Accreditation by bodies like AACSB or ACBSP ensures the program meets high educational standards.
How much can I expect to earn as an accountant in Tennessee? The average annual salary for accountants and auditors in Tennessee is $73,360. Salaries can be higher in metropolitan areas, with professionals in Nashville earning up to $77,490 annually. Specialized roles and positions in larger firms or corporations may offer even higher salaries.
What is the job outlook for accountants in Tennessee? The job outlook for accountants in Tennessee is positive, with a projected 17% growth in the workforce from 2020 to 2030. This growth is driven by the state's robust economy and the increasing need for financial expertise across various industries.
What are the continuing education requirements for CPAs in Tennessee? CPAs in Tennessee must complete 80 hours of continuing professional education (CPE) every two years, with a minimum of 20 hours each year. At least 40 hours must be in technical subjects, and CPAs must complete a specific ethics course approved by the Tennessee State Board of Accountancy.
Can I complete my accounting degree online in Tennessee? Yes, many institutions in Tennessee offer online accounting programs, providing flexibility for students who may be working or have other commitments. These programs often mirror the curriculum and quality of on-campus programs, making them a viable option for aspiring accountants.
What are some top accounting schools in Tennessee? Some top accounting schools in Tennessee include the University of Memphis, Tennessee State University, East Tennessee State University, the University of Tennessee Knoxville, and Middle Tennessee State University. These institutions offer comprehensive accounting programs with various specializations and strong industry connections.
National Center for Education Statistics. (2022, February). Average undergraduate tuition, fees, room, and board charges for full-time students in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution and state or jurisdiction: 2019-20 and 2020-21. Digest of Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d21/tables/dt21_330.20.asp
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2023a, April 25). May 2022 state occupational employment and wage estimates Tennessee. Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_tn.htm
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2023b, April 25). May 2022 metropolitan and nonmetropolitan area occupational employment and wage estimates Nashville-Davidson-Mursfreesboro-Franklin, TN. Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates. https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_34980.htm