How to Become A Private Investigator for 2025

Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist

Have you ever wondered what it takes to become a private investigator? With a median salary of $49,540 per year and a projected 5% job growth from 2023 to 2033, private investigation is a stable and rewarding career path.

This article will guide you through the education, experience, and licensing requirements needed to enter the field, helping you decide if this is the right career for you.

What are the benefits of becoming a private investigator?

The median annual wage is $49,540, with top earners making over $96,600.
Demand for private investigators is expected to grow 5% from 2023 to 2033, matching the average job growth rate.
PIs can work in law enforcement, corporate security, fraud investigation, or even as independent detectives.

What is a private investigator?
What do private investigators do?
How do I become a private investigator for 2025?
What skills and experiences are important for private investigators to have?
What licenses and certifications do I need as a private investigator?
How long does it take to become a private investigator?
What are the educational requirements to become a private investigator?
How much does it cost to become a private investigator?
Could Further Education Advance My Private Investigation Career?
What are the legal and ethical challenges for private investigators?
How much can I make as a private investigator?
Can advanced forensic education boost my investigative career?
How does advanced forensic science education benefit private investigators?
What are the career paths for private investigators?
Is a career in private investigation worth it?
How can I transition from a criminology background to private investigation?
Could a Career in Private Investigation Lead to Federal Opportunities?
Other Things You Should Know About How to Become a Private Investigator

What is a private investigator?

A private investigator (PI) is a professional hired to gather information on legal, financial, or personal matters for clients, including individuals, businesses, or legal teams. Their work may involve conducting background checks, surveillance, or fraud investigations while staying within the boundaries of the law.

Many PIs have backgrounds in law enforcement or the military, but the profession is also an option for those with strong analytical skills and a keen eye for detail. Private investigation is one of the jobs with a criminology degree that graduates can pursue, along with roles in law enforcement, corporate security, and fraud examination.

As the image below shows, as of 2023, there are approximately 38,800 private investigators working in the United States, with employment expected to grow by 5% from 2023 to 2033.

Employment and Job Outlook of Private Investigators

What do private investigators do?

Private investigators (PIs) gather, analyze, and report information on legal, financial, or personal matters. They work for individuals, businesses, attorneys, and insurance companies to uncover facts, verify claims, and conduct surveillance. Their responsibilities vary depending on the case but always require attention to detail, critical thinking, and adherence to the law.

Many enter the field after careers in law enforcement or the military, while others transition from technical backgrounds such as those trained at the best online HVAC trade schools, bringing a strong understanding of systems, observation, and troubleshooting into investigative work.

Here are some common tasks private investigators perform:

Conduct Surveillance: Monitor individuals to gather evidence related to fraud, infidelity, or corporate misconduct.
Perform Background Checks: Investigate personal, criminal, and financial histories of individuals for legal or employment purposes.
Locate Missing Persons: Track down people who are lost, avoiding debt, or involved in legal cases.
Investigate Fraud: Work with insurance companies or businesses to uncover fraudulent claims or employee misconduct.
Gather Legal Evidence: Assist attorneys by collecting witness statements, public records, or other crucial case information.

How do I become a private investigator for 2025?

Becoming a private investigator requires a combination of education, work experience, and licensing. There isn’t really a specific degree required for this career, so whether you gained affordable criminal justice degree online, a psychology degree, or even a computer degree, you can wok in this field.

Here are the key steps to becoming a private investigator:

Meet Basic Requirements: Most states require PIs to be at least 18 or 21 years old, have a clean criminal record, and be a U.S. citizen or legal resident.
Gain Relevant Experience: Work in related fields such as law enforcement, security, military, or corporate investigations can improve job prospects.
Complete Education or Training: Some states or employers prefer candidates with an associate or bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, law, or security studies.
Obtain a PI License: Most states require private investigators to pass an exam and obtain a license through their state licensing board.
Get Certifications: Certifications such as the Professional Certified Investigator (PCI) can help PIs specialize in fraud, security, or surveillance.
Apply for Jobs or Start a Business: Work for detective agencies, law firms, or corporations or become self-employed.

What skills and experiences are important for private investigators to have?

Private investigators need a mix of technical skills, investigative experience, and strong personal qualities to be successful. Since their work involves gathering and analyzing information, they must be detail-oriented, resourceful, and able to think critically.

While a background in law enforcement or security can be beneficial, modern PIs also rely heavily on technology for investigations, making computer skills an essential asset. If you're wondering, I have a computer science degree, now what?, a career in private investigation could be an unexpected but fitting option, as PIs often use digital forensics, cybersecurity knowledge, and data analysis in their work.

Here are the key skills and experiences PIs would need:

Surveillance Techniques: Observing and tracking people without being detected.
Research & Analytical Skills: Searching public records, databases, and online information.
Computer & Cybersecurity Knowledge: Using digital tools to track online activity, analyze data, and investigate fraud.
Communication & Interviewing: Extracting information from witnesses and writing detailed reports.
Knowledge of Laws & Ethics: Understanding privacy laws, court procedures, and evidence handling.
Experience in Law Enforcement or Security: Many PIs start as police officers, security personnel, or military veterans.

What licenses and certifications do I need as a private investigator?

Most states require private investigators to obtain a Private Investigator License to operate legally. In addition to licensing, professional certifications can enhance credibility and career opportunities, especially for those specializing in areas like fraud investigation or cybersecurity.

Licenses:

State PI License: Required in most states; involves meeting age, education, and experience requirements, passing an exam, and undergoing a background check.
Business or Agency License: If starting a PI firm, some states require an additional agency license to operate legally.
Firearms Permit: If carrying a weapon for investigative work, PIs must obtain the appropriate concealed carry or security firearms license, depending on state laws.

Certifications:

Certified Legal Investigator (CLI): Recognized credential for PIs working in legal investigations.
Professional Certified Investigator (PCI): A certification for those specializing in corporate security and fraud investigations.
Certified Fraud Examiner (CFE): Ideal for PIs focusing on financial fraud and forensic accounting.
Cyber Investigations Certifications: For PIs working in digital forensics, cybersecurity, and online investigations.

While not always mandatory, certifications demonstrate expertise and increase job opportunities in specialized investigation fields.

What are the educational requirements to become a private investigator?

As mentioned earlier, there is no specific degree required to become a private investigator, but many states prefer or require candidates to have some level of education, such as a high school diploma, associate degree, or bachelor’s degree in a related field like criminal justice or law enforcement.

Since private investigation relies heavily on analytical skills, surveillance techniques, and legal knowledge, many PIs choose to pursue formal education to strengthen their expertise. Some states may waive experience requirements if a candidate holds a degree. Additionally, those with military backgrounds can transition into private investigation, and graduates of online colleges for military can pursue this career path if they meet state licensing requirements.

While law enforcement experience is often beneficial, aspiring PIs can also gain relevant skills through business, forensic science, cybersecurity, or even psychology programs. Regardless of education, most states require licensing and on-the-job experience before working independently as a private investigator.

How long does it take to become a private investigator?

Becoming a private investigator typically takes 2 to 6 years, depending on education, experience, and state licensing requirements.

If you choose to pursue a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice or a related field, it usually takes four years. However, some PIs enter the field with just an associate degree, which takes about two years. Many states don’t require a degree but do require work experience in law enforcement, military, or security, which can take several years to accumulate.

Some states also mandate a practicum or training period, which may last anywhere from a few months to a year. Additionally, most states require licensing, which involves passing an exam and completing background checks.

While a graduate degree isn’t necessary, obtaining specialized certifications, such as a Professional Certified Investigator (PCI) credential, can add extra time but enhance career prospects. Those interested in public health-related investigations or environmental compliance roles may also benefit from exploring top ranked online CEPH accredited MPH programs, which offer flexibility while broadening investigative and analytical skills.

How much does it cost to become a private investigator?

The total cost to become a private investigator varies widely but can range from $2,000 to over $50,000, depending on education, licensing, and training expenses.

Here’s a breakdown of the costs:

Education Costs: While no specific degree is required, many private investigators pursue a criminology or criminal justice degree. The average tuition for a four-year public college is $9,750 per year in-state and $28,386 out-of-state, while private colleges average $38,421 per year.
Licensing Fees: Most states require a PI license, with application and exam fees ranging from $100 to $500, plus background check costs.
Training and Certifications: Additional certifications, such as the Certified Legal Investigator (CLI) or Professional Certified Investigator (PCI), can cost between $300 and $1,500.
Equipment and Insurance: Many PIs invest in surveillance equipment, software, and liability insurance, which can add $2,000 to $10,000+ in startup costs.

Ultimately, the cost depends on whether you choose a degree-based path or enter the field through work experience and licensing alone. The tuition fees for criminology programs are broken down in the chart below.

What are the legal and ethical challenges for private investigators?

Private investigators operate at the intersection of legal mandates and professional ethics. They must adhere strictly to privacy laws, evidence collection protocols, and state-specific regulations to avoid legal repercussions. Clear documentation and consultation with legal counsel are essential in mitigating liability risks while safeguarding client confidentiality. Continuous legal education and certifications are recommended to stay updated on evolving regulations and technology-driven methodologies. For additional insights on advancing your expertise and exploring opportunities, consider reviewing the highest paying jobs with a master's in criminal justice.

How much can I make as a private investigator?

The median annual salary for private investigators in the U.S. is $49,540 as of 2023. However, earnings can vary widely depending on experience, industry, and location, with the top 10% earning over $96,600 per year.

These are the highest-paying industries for PIs:

Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution: $110,090 per year
General Medical and Surgical Hospitals: $97,060 per year
Rail Transportation: $89,460 per year
Other Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services: $89,030 per year
Insurance Carriers: $88,680 per year

Some investigators even build specialized careers by combining PI work with backgrounds in other fields, such as law, cybersecurity, or environmental research. For example, those curious about policy-related investigations might also explore what schools offer the best environmental policy program, as these can open doors to investigative roles in regulatory and compliance sectors.

Salaries may also vary per state, and the highest-paying state are visually presented in the chart below.

Could Further Education Advance My Private Investigation Career?

Pursuing advanced academic credentials can deepen your understanding of legal procedures, investigative methodologies, and emerging digital technologies relevant to private investigation. An accredited online criminal justice degree can provide comprehensive training in ethical standards, evidence analysis, and legal frameworks. This focused education not only enhances practical investigative skills but also strengthens professional credibility, opening avenues for specialized certifications and networking with industry experts.

Can advanced forensic education boost my investigative career?

Specialized forensic education offers private investigators cutting-edge techniques in digital evidence analysis and modern surveillance methods. This advanced training can differentiate a professional by enhancing skills in data interpretation and adherence to legal protocols. Exploring programs at online schools for forensic science provides targeted coursework and credentials that can drive career advancement and elevate case outcomes.

How does advanced forensic science education benefit private investigators?

Advanced forensic science education equips professionals with refined techniques in evidence analysis, digital forensics, and data preservation. This advanced training enhances an investigator’s ability to systematically collect and analyze evidence, ensuring integrity during complex investigations. It also bridges the gap between theoretical methodologies and practical application, empowering private investigators to adapt to emerging technologies and evolving legal standards. For those seeking to integrate these specialized skills into their practice, exploring programs offered by the top forensic science colleges can provide a competitive edge in the field.

What are the career paths for private investigators?

Private investigation opens doors to various career paths in law enforcement, security, and corporate investigations. Many PIs specialize in areas such as fraud detection, cyber investigations, or financial crimes. Since modern investigations often involve digital forensics and analytics, some roles in private investigation even overlap with types of data science jobs, where professionals analyze large datasets to uncover fraud, identity theft, or cyber threats.

Career Paths for Private Investigators:

Detective: Investigates criminal cases for law enforcement; average salary: $49,204.
Fraud Investigator: Works with insurance companies or corporations to uncover fraudulent activities; average salary: $49,010.
Loss Prevention Analyst: Specializes in preventing theft and fraud in retail or corporate environments; average salary: $46,581.
Recovery Agent: Recovers stolen or missing assets for financial institutions or law enforcement; average salary: $38,772.
Securities Consultant: Provides security analysis and fraud detection for financial firms; average salary: $92,092.
Signal Intelligence Analyst: Works in military and government agencies analyzing intercepted data; average salary: $69,325.

The chart below compares the salaries of these paths

Is a career in private investigation worth it?

Yes, a career in private investigation can be worth it, but it depends on your financial situation and career goals. The median salary for private investigators is $49,540 per year, with top earners making over $96,600. However, the cost of becoming a PI varies widely.

Cost Considerations:

Education: While a degree is not required, many PIs pursue a criminology degree, which can cost between $9,750 (public) to $38,421 (private) per year. Interestingly, some professionals pivot into investigative work from other fields, including those who initially pursued creative paths—like graduates from the best fashion design program—who bring a keen eye for detail and strong observational skills.
Licensing & Certification: A private investigator license typically costs between $100 and $500, while certifications range from $100 to $200.
Cost of Living: The average cost of living in the U.S. for a single person is about $1,175 per month (excluding rent).

Private investigation can also be considered one of the criminal psychology jobs, as it involves analyzing behaviors, motives, and crime patterns to solve cases. While the salary is decent, job stability, specialization, and location will determine if the career is financially rewarding for you.

The image below gives a breakdown of the cost of living in the US.

Here's What Graduates Have to Say About Their Careers as Private Investigators

Becoming a private investigator has been one of the most rewarding choices of my life. I love the thrill of solving complex cases, uncovering hidden truths, and helping clients find closure. Every day is different, and the challenge keeps me engaged and constantly learning. Elena
I started my career in corporate security, but transitioning into private investigation gave me more freedom and excitement. The work can be tough, but the skills I gained—especially in surveillance and data analysis—have made me an expert in my field. If you enjoy problem-solving and independence, this job is a great fit. Malcolm
Studying online gave me the flexibility to get my private investigator license while working full-time. The best part is that the skills I learned—like research, legal procedures, and interviewing techniques—were immediately useful in real cases. Now, I run my own PI firm, and I wouldn't trade this career for anything. Ronan

How can I transition from a criminology background to private investigation?

Individuals with a criminology background can leverage their analytical abilities and understanding of behavioral patterns to enter the private investigation field. Focusing on targeted certifications, specialized training programs, and networking with established professionals can facilitate this transition. An emphasis on practical experience, such as internships or entry-level investigative roles, can also enhance one’s ability to apply criminological skills effectively in real-world cases. For a broader perspective on career options, consider exploring what jobs can I get with criminology.

Could a Career in Private Investigation Lead to Federal Opportunities?

Professionals in private investigation may explore federal roles if they are looking to expand their jurisdiction and responsibilities. Transitioning to agencies such as ICE requires additional specialized training and a proven record in investigative techniques. Prospective candidates should acquire advanced digital forensics skills, thorough legal compliance knowledge, and exceptional interpersonal capabilities to stand out in the federal recruitment process. For detailed insights, review the requirements for ICE agent to ensure alignment with federal expectations and standards.

Key Findings

Private investigators earn a median salary of $49,540, with top professionals making over $96,600.
The demand for private investigators is expected to grow 5% from 2023 to 2033.
A criminology degree can cost between $9,750 (public) to $38,421 (private) per year.
Private investigator licenses typically cost between $100 and $500, with certifications ranging from $100 to $200.
PIs can work in fraud investigation, corporate security, law enforcement, and intelligence analysis, with salaries ranging from $38,772 to $92,092.
The average monthly cost of living in the U.S. (excluding rent) is $1,175 for a single person.

Other Things You Should Know About How to Become a Private Investigator

Do private investigators work for law enforcement?

No, private investigators are not law enforcement officers, but they often work alongside them. PIs do not have arrest powers, but they can assist police or attorneys by gathering evidence for cases. Some former police officers transition into private investigation, using their skills in surveillance and case analysis. Many PIs also work on civil cases, such as fraud investigations or background checks.

Can I become a private investigator without any prior experience?

Yes, but most states require either prior experience in law enforcement, military, or security, or an educational background in criminal justice. Some states allow beginners to work under a licensed PI for a set number of hours before applying for their own license. Certifications and specialized training in areas like cyber investigations or fraud detection can also help new investigators build credibility.

Is private investigation a full-time or part-time job?

Private investigators can work full-time or part-time, depending on their workload and employer. Some PIs work for firms or corporations with steady, full-time positions, while others freelance or run their own businesses, choosing their own hours. Because many cases involve surveillance, PIs may work nights, weekends, or irregular hours to track subjects or gather evidence.

What are the biggest challenges of being a private investigator?

Private investigation can be mentally and physically demanding. Surveillance work requires long hours of waiting and observing, sometimes in uncomfortable conditions. Investigators must also ensure they operate within the law, as unauthorized methods could lead to legal consequences. Additionally, some cases—such as infidelity or missing persons—can be emotionally difficult, requiring professionalism and discretion at all times.