Fastest Online Bachelor's Degree in Organizational Leadership for 2025
High-school graduates considering an undergraduate degree in organizational leadership may feel overwhelmed by the numerous program options available. Navigating the complexities of higher education to find a program that aligns with career aspirations requires careful research and reliable information. This is particularly crucial as 83% of organizations recognize the importance of developing leaders at every level.
With over ten years of experience in career planning, Research.com's team has meticulously analyzed current educational offerings, relying solely on credible sources to compile this comprehensive guide. By reading this article, prospective students will gain clarity on the fastest online bachelor's degree programs in organizational leadership, enabling them to make informed decisions about their academic future.
What are the benefits of getting an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
- Opens doors to diverse leadership roles such as Human Resources Manager, Operations Manager, Executive Director, and Change Management Specialist.
- Median annual salary for organizational leadership professionals is approximately $112,050, with top earners making up to $163,000.
- Online degree programs provide flexibility to study anytime and anywhere, personalized instructor support, and the ability to balance education with work or family responsibilities.
What can I expect from an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
An online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership typically requires completing around 120 credits, including core courses focused on leadership theories, organizational behavior, team building, and communication.
Many programs include a capstone project where students apply their knowledge to real-world leadership challenges, as well as internship hours to gain practical experience.
Tuition varies widely, generally ranging from about $299 to $678 per credit, depending on the institution and residency status.
Online classes are usually delivered through video lectures, discussion forums, readings, assignments, and exams, allowing students to learn flexibly on their own schedule. Professors are accessible via email, virtual office hours, and individual appointments to support students throughout their studies.
Where can I work with an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
An online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership opens doors to diverse career opportunities across many industries.
Graduates can work in corporate settings, government agencies, nonprofits, or even start their businesses.
Common roles include project coordinator, human resources director, management analyst, and operations manager. Some programs also prepare students for careers in education, healthcare, technology, or creative fields.
The degree equips graduates with skills like problem-solving, communication, and critical thinking, enabling them to adapt and lead effectively in various work environments. U.S. businesses invest $166 billion annually in leadership development, reflecting strong demand for skilled leaders.
Management positions are expected to grow faster than average, with median salaries around $116,880, highlighting promising job prospects for graduates.
How much can I make with an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
Professionals with an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership can expect an average salary of around $74,500 to $112,050 per year, or about $54 per hour.
Entry-level positions typically start lower, near $46,800 annually, while experienced leaders and managers can earn up to $163,000 or more, especially in executive roles.
Salary varies by industry, location, and years of experience. For example, human resource managers with leadership backgrounds earn a median of $140,030 annually.
Holding advanced degrees or certifications can significantly boost earning potential and open doors to higher-level positions. Overall, this degree offers strong salary prospects that grow with experience and further education.
Table of Contents
- List of the Best Online Bachelor’s Degrees in Organizational Leadership for 2025
- How long does it take to complete an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
- How does an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership program compare to an on-campus program?
- What is the average cost of an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
- What are the financial aid options for students enrolling in an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
- What are the prerequisites for enrolling in an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
- What courses are typically in an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
- What types of specializations are available in an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
- Is the Online Bachelor’s Program Accredited and Why Does It Matter?
- Does an Online Bachelor’s Degree in Organizational Leadership Deliver a Strong Return on Investment?
- How to Choose the Best Online Bachelor’s Degree in Organizational Leadership
- What career paths are available for graduates of an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
- What is the job market for graduates with an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
- Other Things You Should Know About Online Bachelor’s Degrees in Organizational Leadership
List of the Best Online Bachelor’s Degree in Organizational Leadership Programs for 2025
Recognizing that paying for a degree is a significant investment, our ranking methodology ensures that students can make informed decisions based on comprehensive and transparent information. The ranking draws upon reliable sources such as the IPEDS database, Peterson's database, the College Scorecard database, and the National Center for Education Statistics.
These sources provide a robust foundation of data to evaluate and rank the best online bachelor’s degrees in organizational leadership. For more details on our methodology, please visit Research.com's methodology page.
1. Arkansas State University - Bachelor of Arts in Organizational Leadership Online
Arkansas State University’s Bachelor of Arts in Organizational Leadership is 100% online. This program is designed for individuals seeking to advance their careers by developing a strong understanding of human dynamics in the workplace. The curriculum focuses on enhancing communication, conflict resolution, and change management skills, preparing graduates for diverse leadership roles. Students can benefit from earning credits for prior knowledge and experience.
- Program length: Varies (accelerated options available)
- Cost per credit: $282
- Total credits: 120
- Accreditation: Higher Learning Commission (HLC)
2. Cameron University - Bachelor of Science in Organizational Leadership
Cameron University offers a Bachelor of Science in Organizational Leadership that can be completed fully online. This program is designed for aspiring leaders aiming to drive positive change in dynamic workplaces. It focuses on developing essential skills like communication, data analysis, fiscal management, and navigating organizational culture. Graduates are prepared for various supervisory and leadership roles across industries, including human resources and operations.
- Program length: Typically 4 years
- Cost per credit: $283.97 (Resident); $619.56 (Non-Resident)
- Total credits: 124
- Accreditation: HLC
3. College of Biblical Studies - Bachelor of Science in Organizational Leadership
College of Biblical Studies offers Bachelor of Science in Organizational Leadership. This 100% online program uniquely blends leadership principles with a biblical worldview, preparing students to lead with integrity and purpose in various organizational settings. It focuses on developing essential skills like communication, conflict resolution, and strategic management, all grounded in Christian ethical foundations. The program is ideal for those seeking to integrate faith with effective leadership practices.
- Program length: Not specified
- Cost per credit: $385
- Total credits: 120
- Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC)
4. Fort Hays State University - Bachelor of Arts/Science in Organizational Leadership
Fort Hays State University offers a 100% online interdisciplinary program designed to cultivate adaptable leaders. This innovative curriculum challenges students to think critically, collaborate effectively, and communicate persuasively within modern organizational contexts. It prepares graduates for a wide range of supervisory roles across various industries rather than a single career path.
- Program length: Typically 4 years
- Cost per credit: $257.33
- Total credits: 120
- Accreditation: HLC
5. John Brown University - Organizational Leadership, B.S.
John Brown University offers a 100% online Bachelor of Science in Organizational Leadership designed for individuals seeking to inspire and transform organizations. The program emphasizes a Christian model of leadership, helping students identify their personal leadership style and make a positive impact. It provides flexibility for working professionals and an accelerated path to an MBA.
- Program length: Can be completed in 5 years with MBA
- Cost per credit: $335
- Total credits: 120
- Accreditation: HLC
6. South Texas College - Bachelor of Applied Science in Organizational Leadership
South Texas College offers a 100% online, competency-based program, the first of its kind from a Texas public institution. It helps students rapidly develop crucial workplace skills by recognizing prior learning and experience. This degree prepares individuals for leadership roles in diverse sectors including business, government, and non-profits, emphasizing real-world problem-solving through a final project.
- Program length: Three to Four Years (six seven-week terms per year)
- Cost per credit: $90 (in-state), $200 (out-of-state), $260 (out-of-country)
- Total credits: 120
- Accreditation: SACSCOC
7. Thomas Edison State University - Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Organizational Leadership
As New Jersey's inaugural 100% online program of its kind, Thomas Edison State University's B.S. in Organizational Leadership caters to adult learners. It provides a robust foundation in liberal arts and business, fostering influential managers for public, private, and nonprofit sectors through focused training in applied leadership, behavioral dynamics, and modern organizational management.
- Program length: Not specified
- Cost per credit: $408 (New Jersey residents); $533 (out-of-state)
- Total credits: 120
- Accreditation: Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE)
8. University of Iowa - Enterprise Leadership, BA
The University of Iowa's Enterprise Leadership BA is an interdisciplinary program designed to cultivate entrepreneurial management, leadership, and professional communication skills. It focuses on strategic problem-solving, fostering creativity, and building innovative teams to address complex organizational and consumer needs. Graduates are well-prepared for diverse career opportunities, with an emphasis on rapid career advancement.
- Program length: Not specified
- Cost per credit: $350 (non-resident undergraduate distance education)
- Total credits: 120
- Accreditation: HLC
9. Valdosta State University - B.S. Degree with a Major in Organizational Leadership
Valdosta State University offers a multidisciplinary online program in Organizational Leadership, ideal for working professionals, military members, and transfer students. This flexible program delves into the practices, theories, and issues of leading organizations, covering management, human resources, and technology. Students gain critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and can specialize in areas like public service or law enforcement leadership.
- Program length: Not specified
- Cost per credit: $339 (eMajor rate)
- Total credits: 120
- Accreditation: SACSCOC
10. Waldorf University - Bachelor of Science in Organizational Leadership
Waldorf University offers a 100% online Bachelor of Science in Organizational Leadership designed for aspiring and current leaders. The program provides comprehensive knowledge in business ethics, organizational behavior, and conflict resolution, preparing graduates for diverse supervisory and leadership roles. Students can also tailor their studies through five specialized concentrations, enhancing career readiness in specific fields.
- Program length: 4 years (full-time)
- Cost per credit: $325
- Total credits: 120
- Accreditation: HLC
The following chart illustrates the educational attainment of U.S. Chief Executive Officers (CEOs).
How long does it take to complete an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
An online bachelor’s in organizational leadership typically takes about four years to complete for students starting fresh, following a standard 120-credit curriculum.
However, many programs offer accelerated options that allow motivated students, especially those with prior college credits or relevant work experience, to finish in as little as 18 to 24 months.
Courses are often delivered in flexible formats such as 8-week terms or continuous enrollment, enabling students to balance studies with work and personal life.
Transfer credits and credit for prior learning can significantly shorten completion time, making these programs adaptable to individual circumstances. This level of flexibility is also seen in the shortest master's of public administration online programs, which are designed for fast, efficient degree completion.
How does an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership program compare to an on-campus program?
An online bachelor’s in organizational leadership compares closely to an on-campus program in terms of curriculum quality and career preparation. Both formats cover core topics like leadership theories, organizational behavior, strategic planning, and communication skills. Studies show that students in online programs often perform as well or better than those in traditional classes.
The main difference lies in delivery: online programs offer flexibility, allowing students to learn at their own pace from anywhere, which suits working adults or those with busy schedules. On-campus programs provide more face-to-face interaction, hands-on experiences, and networking opportunities, which some employers value for developing interpersonal skills.
Both online and traditional degrees equip graduates with practical leadership skills applicable across industries. The best choice depends on your learning style, career goals, and need for flexibility.
What is the average cost of an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
The average cost of an online bachelor’s in organizational leadership typically ranges between $30,000 and $60,000 in total tuition. Per-credit rates generally fall between $250 and $500, depending on the institution and residency status.
Some programs may be more affordable, with tuition closer to $20,000, while others can exceed $60,000. Additional factors affecting cost include transfer credits, financial aid, and scholarships.
Overall, online programs offer competitive pricing compared to on-campus options, often with the added benefit of flexible payment plans and lower fees related to commuting or housing. This makes an online organizational leadership degree a cost-effective choice for many students seeking leadership careers.
For those looking beyond a bachelor's, exploring options for a low cost MS in Organizational Leadership online can provide further educational value without a significant financial burden.
What are the financial aid options for students enrolling in an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
Students pursuing an online bachelor's in organizational leadership have several financial aid avenues to help cover tuition and other expenses. These include:
- Federal Student Aid: Complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) to access options like Pell Grants, Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized Loans, and work-study programs.
- Scholarships: Look for scholarships from colleges, nonprofit organizations, and corporations. Some are even specifically for business or leadership students, or for adult and nontraditional learners (those over 24 or returning to school).
- Institutional Aid: Many universities offer their own grants or tuition discounts directly to students.
- Transfer Credits: If you have prior college credits, transferring them can reduce the number of courses you need to take, saving you money.
- Employer Reimbursement: Check if your employer offers tuition reimbursement programs to support your further education.
- Private Student Loans: These can provide additional funding, but remember they'll need to be repaid with interest.
What are the prerequisites for enrolling in an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
To enroll in an online bachelor’s in organizational leadership—or one of the fastest online esports business degree programs—you typically need a high school diploma or GED. Most programs require a minimum GPA between 2.0 and 2.7, along with official transcripts and a completed application form. Some schools may ask for an admissions essay or letters of recommendation to better assess your background and goals.
If you have prior college credits, many programs accept transfer credits, often requiring a minimum cumulative GPA of 2.0 for transfer students. Certain programs may require completion of specific general education courses, such as communication, critical thinking, and math, before full admission. Some schools offer alternative admission pathways, like "Earned Admission," where students can prove readiness by completing initial courses with a satisfactory GPA. Residency in an approved state may be required for some programs.
Overall, prerequisites include:
- High school diploma or GED
- Minimum GPA (usually 2.0 or higher)
- Official transcripts
- Completed application (sometimes with essay and recommendations)
- Completion of prerequisite general education courses (varies by program)
- Transfer credit evaluation if applicable
- Residency requirements for certain programs
What courses are typically in an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
Typical courses in an online bachelor’s in organizational leadership focus on developing leadership skills, understanding organizational dynamics, and preparing students for management roles. Common courses include:
Introduction to Organizational Leadership
This course provides a broad overview of leadership, exploring the nature of leadership, group decision-making processes, and organizational culture. It helps students understand challenges leaders face and develop strategies for effective leadership in complex groups.
Students interested in continuing their education often pursue graduate programs such as an accelerated online MBA in HR management, which builds on these foundational concepts with a focus on strategic human capital management.
Leadership Theories and Practices
Students examine major leadership theories and approaches, learning to distinguish leadership from management. The course emphasizes developing personal leadership styles and applying strategies to lead with integrity and respect.
Conflict Resolution and Negotiation
This course focuses on techniques for managing and resolving conflicts within organizations. It teaches negotiation skills to facilitate collaboration and achieve mutually beneficial outcomes.
Organizational Behavior
This course explores how individuals and groups behave within organizations. It covers topics like motivation, team dynamics, and organizational culture to improve leadership effectiveness.
Students may also choose the fastest online master's degree in nonprofit management, which equips graduates to lead mission-driven organizations with advanced skills in fundraising, program evaluation, and nonprofit strategy.
What types of specializations are available in an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
Online bachelor’s in organizational leadership often offer specializations that allow students to tailor their studies toward specific career paths. Common specializations include:
- Management: Focuses on principles of project management, financial and operations management, and strategic decision-making to prepare students for leadership roles overseeing teams and organizational functions. While this specialization provides a broad understanding of business, those specifically interested in how to get into investment management would likely need to pursue further specialized education in finance or economics after their bachelor's.
- Human Resources: Emphasizes workforce planning, employee compensation, conflict resolution, training and development, and performance improvement to develop skills for managing personnel and HR departments. Many students who excel in this area later advance to an accelerated online master's in HR management, which deepens their expertise in strategic human capital planning, labor relations, and organizational development.
- Professional Studies: Offers flexibility to choose electives or courses in related fields such as management, human resources, or other areas aligned with career goals, allowing a customized educational experience.
Is the Online Bachelor’s Program Accredited and Why Does It Matter?
Accreditation serves as a vital benchmark of academic excellence and institutional integrity. Prospective students should verify that the program is accredited by a recognized agency approved by the U.S. Department of Education or an equivalent accrediting body. This confirmation ensures that the curriculum adheres to high academic standards, supports the seamless transfer of credits, and qualifies participants for federal financial aid. Accredited programs are also more likely to offer robust career services and stronger connections to industry professionals. For additional managerial expertise without overspending, consider exploring options such as the cheap MBA online.
Does an Online Bachelor’s Degree in Organizational Leadership Deliver a Strong Return on Investment?
Evaluating the return on investment involves analyzing tuition costs relative to projected salary growth, career advancement potential, and long-term professional benefits. Prospective students should assess program-specific expenses, examine alumni career trajectories, and consider additional certifications that may enhance competitiveness in the job market. Comparing outcomes with alternative fields, such as the fastest online bachelor degree programs in sports management, can provide broader context on cost-effectiveness and skill relevance in today’s evolving industries.
How to Choose the Best Online Bachelor’s Degree in Organizational Leadership
When choosing the best online bachelor’s in organizational leadership, consider these key factors:
- Accreditation: Ensure the program is accredited by a recognized agency to guarantee quality education and eligibility for financial aid.
- Flexibility: Look for programs that offer asynchronous classes, allowing you to study on your own schedule, especially if you work or have other commitments.
- Tuition and Financial Aid: Compare tuition costs and available scholarships or financial aid options to find a program that fits your budget.
- Curriculum and Specializations: Review course offerings and available specializations to make sure they align with your career goals and interests. Many graduates also explore advanced options such as a fast-track master's in management information systems online, which builds on leadership skills with technical expertise in data management, systems analysis, and IT strategy.
- Reputation and Student Satisfaction: Research student reviews, graduation rates, and post-graduation employment outcomes to gauge program effectiveness.
- Support Services: Check for access to academic advising, career counseling, and technical support tailored to online learners.
When looking ahead, understanding the differences between an MS in Organizational Leadership vs MBA can also help clarify long-term career aspirations and guide your undergraduate specialization choices. Your bachelor's degree provides the foundational knowledge, which can then be built upon with a graduate degree tailored to either a broad business focus or a deeper dive into human-centric leadership.

What career paths are available for graduates of an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
An online bachelor's in organizational leadership prepares graduates for a wide range of career paths across various industries, focusing on the human element of managing an organization and developing effective leadership skills. Here are some common career paths and roles:
- Human Resources Manager/Director: Oversee recruitment, employee relations, training, benefits, and overall workforce management to ensure a productive and positive work environment. If you're considering this path, you might also be curious about how long does it take to get a degree in human resources? specifically, as many organizational leadership programs offer specializations that align with HR.
- Project Manager/Coordinator: Lead and coordinate projects from initiation to completion, managing teams, timelines, budgets, and resources to meet project goals.
- Management Analyst/Consultant: Advise organizations on how to improve their efficiency, identify areas for improvement, and recommend solutions to drive operational excellence.
- Education Administrator/School Principal: Lead and manage educational institutions, overseeing operations, staff, and student affairs. For those interested in how to become a school principal, a bachelor's in organizational leadership can be a foundational step, though typically a master's degree in educational leadership and teaching experience are also required for this role.
- Medical and Health Services Manager/Administrator: Oversee the daily operations of healthcare facilities, managing patient care plans, budgets, and staff. Many in this field choose to advance their expertise through the shortest online MBA programs in healthcare administration, which combine leadership training with specialized knowledge in healthcare policy, finance, and operations.
Although women generally have less access to leadership positions, certain industries show higher rates of women in such roles. The chart below shows the percentage of women in selected management roles:
What is the job market for graduates with an online bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership?
Graduates holding an online bachelor's in organizational leadership enter a vibrant and expanding job market. This dynamic field experienced significant growth, with its workforce increasing by 2.36%, from 11.7 million in 2021 to 11.9 million in 2022.
While a diverse array of sectors seek professionals with strong leadership skills, the primary industries for business majors notably include elementary and secondary schools, accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services, and computer systems design.
Interestingly, despite the broad employment opportunities in these sectors, the internet publishing, broadcasting, and web search portals industry stands out for offering the highest average wages for business majors. A similar trend can be seen in emerging fields like sports analytics, where leadership roles are becoming more prevalent—particularly for graduates of the fastest online master's degree in sports analytics programs, who combine business acumen with data expertise.
The chart below further illustrates the most common industries that hire business majors in 2022:
Here’s What Graduates Have to Say About Online Bachelor’s Degree in Organizational Leadership
Balancing my career with my education seemed daunting, but the online format of the Organizational Leadership program made it achievable. I gained practical skills in team management and strategic thinking that immediately applied to my role, leading to tangible improvements in project outcomes. The flexibility allowed me to advance my knowledge without disrupting my professional life, making a real difference in my leadership approach. - Ralph
I was initially hesitant about an online degree, but the interactive curriculum and supportive virtual community surpassed my expectations. The coursework deeply enhanced my understanding of organizational dynamics and human behavior, transforming how I connect with and motivate my colleagues. This program provided a valuable foundation for navigating complex workplace challenges, all from the convenience of my home. - Ashton
Choosing to pursue my bachelor's in Organizational Leadership online was a strategic move that truly paid off. The program's focus on modern leadership theories and data-driven decision-making equipped me with a robust toolkit for today's evolving business landscape. I appreciated the ability to learn at my own pace and apply new concepts directly, which has broadened my career prospects and confidence. - Raiza
Key Findings
- 83% of organizations recognize the importance of developing leaders at every level.
- The median annual salary for organizational leadership professionals is approximately $112,050, with top earners making up to $163,000.
- An online bachelor's degree in organizational leadership typically requires completing around 120 credits.
- The average total tuition cost for an online bachelor's in organizational leadership ranges between $30,000 and $60,000.
- The organizational leadership workforce experienced a significant growth of 2.36% from 2021 to 2022.

Other Things You Should Know About Online Bachelor’s Degrees in Organizational Leadership
Is a bachelor's in organizational leadership worth it?
Yes, a bachelor’s in organizational leadership is worth it for many students. It opens doors to a variety of management and leadership roles across industries. The degree equips graduates with valuable skills like communication, problem-solving, and team management that are in high demand.
Additionally, organizational leadership professionals benefit from strong job growth and opportunities for advancement, especially when combined with experience or advanced certifications. Overall, the degree offers solid earning potential and career flexibility.
What is the best degree for organizational leadership?
The best degree for organizational leadership is typically a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science in Organizational Leadership, offered both online and on-campus by accredited institutions. These programs focus on practical leadership skills, organizational behavior, strategic planning, and ethical decision-making, preparing graduates for leadership roles across industries.
For those seeking advanced expertise, a Master of Organizational Leadership (MOL) provides deeper knowledge in managing complex organizations and driving change. Choosing a program with a strong curriculum, flexible delivery, and relevant specializations ensures the degree aligns with your career goals and industry demands.
Is organizational leadership a hard degree?
An organizational leadership degree can be challenging because it requires developing a wide range of skills across different areas, including communication, problem-solving, and managing complex organizational issues.
Many students find it difficult initially, especially if they lack prior leadership experience, as the skills needed are not always intuitive. However, with dedication and effort, these skills can be learned and mastered throughout the program.
The degree demands time and commitment, but the knowledge gained prepares graduates to effectively lead teams and navigate organizational challenges, making the effort worthwhile.
Is organizational leadership an MBA?
No, an organizational leadership degree is not the same as an MBA. While both degrees develop leadership skills, an MBA focuses broadly on business management, including finance, marketing, and operations, preparing students for high-level business roles. In contrast, a degree in organizational leadership centers on people-focused leadership, communication, team-building, and managing organizational culture and change.
Organizational leadership emphasizes the human side of leading teams, whereas an MBA provides a comprehensive understanding of overall business functions and strategy. The choice depends on whether you want to lead people and culture specifically or manage broader business operations.
References:
- Human resources managers. (2025, April 18). Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/human-resources-managers.htm#tab-5
- Kizer, K. (2023, June 30). 35+ Powerful Leadership Statistics [2023]: Things All aspiring Leaders should know. Zippia. https://www.zippia.com/advice/leadership-statistics
- Organizational Leadership | Data USA. (n.d.). Data USA. https://datausa.io/profile/cip/organizational-leadership
- Organizational leadership salary. (2025). ZipRecruiter. Retrieved June 23, 2025, from https://www.ziprecruiter.com/Salaries/Organizational-Leadership-Salary
- Scs, G. (2022, October 24). Is an Online Degree as Good as a Traditional One? Georgetown SCS. https://scs.georgetown.edu/news-and-events/article/8050/is-an-online-degree-as-good-as-a-traditional-one
