20 Common Courses You’ll Take for Your RN Degree Programs for 2025

by Imed Bouchrika, Phd

Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist

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Pursuing a career in nursing requires dedication, commitment, and a solid educational foundation. Aspiring registered nurses (RNs) embark on a rigorous academic journey that equips them with the knowledge and skills necessary to provide high-quality patient care. Understanding the common nursing courses offered in RN degree programs is crucial for prospective nursing students.

With the field of registered nursing expected to experience a 6% growth rate from 2021 to 2031, you can expect a stable future (BLS, 2023). This growth is driven by job turnover and the need to replace nurses transitioning to other careers or retiring.

So, what subjects do you need to become a nurse? In this article, our team of researchers has explored the essential courses for nursing that form the backbone of an RN degree curriculum. Using official and credible data sources, they came up with a comprehensive overview of the areas of study and the skills developed throughout the program, offering valuable insights for prospective nursing students.

Table of Contents

1. Foundational Science Nursing Courses of 2025
2. Nursing Fundamentals
3. Pharmacology
4. Medical-Surgical Nursing
5. Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing
6. Maternal and Child Health Nursing
7. Community Health Nursing Courses
8. Key Elective Courses Useful to Nursing
9. How Online RN Programs Cater to Different Learning Styles
10. Is an ADN to MSN Bridge Program the Key to Advanced Nursing Leadership?
11. How do accelerated LPN programs impact career advancement in nursing?
12. What Are the Benefits of Specialized Certificate Programs in Nursing?
13. Bridging Pathways for Non-Traditional Nursing Students
14. How Does Licensure Exam Preparation Impact Nursing Career Development?
15. How Can Allied Health Programs Complement Your Nursing Career?
16. Can Self-Paced Learning Enhance Your Nursing Education?
17. How Do Financial Considerations Influence Your Nursing Education?
18. How Do Online Nursing Programs Integrate Hands-On Clinical Experience?

The nursing courses mentioned below, such as anatomy and physiology and microbiology, are relevant to nursing education across various degree levels, including associate’s, bachelor’s, and master’s in nursing programs. The specific registered nurse courses and credit hour requirements may vary depending on the institution and program level. Still, the foundational knowledge in anatomy, physiology, and microbiology is typically incorporated into nursing curricula at all levels of nursing education. The same is true for online nursing degree programs.

Technically, the higher the educational level, the more expertise you gain from studying the courses. This is also reflected in the salary differences. For instance, as per PayScale (2021), nurses holding a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) received a median annual salary of approximately $86,800 versus a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) salary of about $96,300, a similar discrepancy when looking at the median phlebotomist salary. These account for the median psychiatric nurse practioner salary. Given the myriad specializations possible in the nursing field, you may be asking, Which is harder nurse practitioner or physician assistant? Well, both are hard, but with enough grit, nothing one cannot hurdle.

How do the courses differ at the associate’s, bachelor’s and master’s levels?

1. Associate’s Degree in Nursing (ADN). The program here provides students with a fundamental understanding of these subjects. These nursing courses are crucial for developing a solid foundation in nursing practice and preparing students for entry-level nursing roles. Most online LPN programs also follow a curriculum around the basics of nursing but with limited clinical settings, if none at all.
2. Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN). Here, the courses are typically more in-depth and may involve laboratory components to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the human body and microbial processes. BSN programs often emphasize a broader range of nursing courses besides these foundational science courses.
3. Master of Science in Nursing (MSN). A master’s degree may not require separate RN courses as part of the core nursing curriculum since students entering an MSN program are expected to have already completed these subjects during their undergraduate studies. However, an understanding of these courses, for instance, anatomy, physiology, and microbiology remains important for advanced nursing practice, and this knowledge is often built upon and applied in more specialized courses at this level. Alternatively, you can pursue an MSN in nursing administration.

When you enroll in a nursing degree program in the U.S., make sure that the courses are accredited by The Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) or the Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN), the country’s two governing bodies in this field.

Foundational Science Nursing Courses for 2025

What classes do nurses take in college? For starters, they focus on foundational science.

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology are foundational nursing courses that delve into the intricate workings of the human body. Students learn about the structure and functions of various body systems, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, and musculoskeletal systems. Understanding anatomy and physiology is vital for nurses as it forms the basis for comprehending diseases, assessing patients, and providing appropriate care.

Microbiology

Microbiology focuses on the study of microorganisms and their impact on human health. This nursing course provides an understanding of the principles of infection control, the transmission of diseases, and the body’s immune response. Nurses must possess knowledge of microbiology to prevent the spread of infections, identify common pathogens, and implement effective interventions to safeguard patient well-being.

Nursing Fundamentals

Introduction to Nursing

Introduction to Nursing offers an overview of the nursing profession, its historical context, and its role in the healthcare system. Students explore nursing ethics, professional standards, and legal responsibilities. This course sets the foundation for developing a strong professional identity and ethical decision-making skills.

Fundamentals of Nursing Practice

Fundamentals of Nursing Practice equip students with essential skills and techniques necessary for patient care. This course covers topics such as vital signs assessment, medication administration, wound care, and patient communication. Students learn the fundamentals of nursing practice, providing a solid framework for safe and effective nursing interventions.

Beyond the fundamentals, nursing plays a vital role in various healthcare services, with registered nurses being highly sought after in acute care and community settings. These settings include private practices, clinics, home health care, nursing homes, schools, mental health agencies, and others, spanning clinical and non-clinical environments (AACN, 2022). Hence, expect to study the following fields.

Pharmacology

Basic Pharmacology

In Basic Pharmacology, nursing students learn about different drug classifications, their mechanisms of action, and potential side effects. Understanding pharmacology is crucial for safe medication administration, dosage calculations, and recognizing adverse reactions. Nurses play a vital role in medication management, ensuring patient safety and optimizing therapeutic outcomes.

Pharmacotherapeutics

Pharmacotherapeutics focuses on the application of pharmacological principles in the treatment of specific diseases and conditions. Students learn to analyze patient assessments, interpret medication orders, and provide patient education on drug therapy. Proficiency in pharmacotherapeutics enables nurses to collaborate effectively with healthcare providers and ensure appropriate medication management for their patients.

Medical-Surgical Nursing

This is a more advanced course familiar to students attending RN classes. With knowledge in this subject, you can leverage what healthcare institutions are looking for. Based on a survey by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, employers are increasingly favoring new nurses with bachelor’s degrees (AACN, 2021). The survey revealed that 41% of employers require a bachelor’s degree for new hires, while 77% have a strong preference for nurses with baccalaureate preparation.

Adult Health Nursing

Adult Health Nursing is a comprehensive course encompassing common medical-surgical conditions in adult patients. Students learn to assess and manage diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal conditions, and musculoskeletal disorders. This course emphasizes nursing interventions, patient education, and interdisciplinary collaboration for comprehensive adult healthcare.

That said, nurses can be a significant positive force in the healthcare system. For one, they can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), a primary cause of death worldwide. Each year, approximately 17.9 million lives are lost worldwide due to cardiovascular diseases (WHO, n.d.).

In an attempt to paint a picture of the role of nurses in the cardiovascular healthcare system, Zhang et al. (2021) posited in their paper that nurses, who have extensive patient contact, should possess knowledge of both cardiovascular disease characteristics in the elderly and mental nursing to improve the quality of care and recovery rates among geriatric cardiovascular disease patients.

Surgical Nursing

Surgical Nursing focuses on the pre-operative and post-operative care of patients undergoing surgical procedures, including surgical technologist job duties. Students gain knowledge in surgical asepsis, wound care, pain management, and monitoring postoperative complications. Understanding surgical nursing is essential for ensuring optimal patient outcomes and a safe perioperative experience.

Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing

Introduction to Mental Health Nursing

Expect an introduction to mental healthcare in nursing classes, which provides an understanding of mental health disorders, their impact on individuals, and the role of nurses in psychiatric care. Students learn therapeutic communication techniques, psychosocial assessment, and strategies for promoting mental well-being. This course equips nurses with the skills to provide compassionate and effective care to individuals experiencing mental health challenges. Considering that 1 in 5 adults in the United States encounters mental illness (NAMI, 2023), this course equips future nurses to meet the issue confidently.

Psychiatric Nursing Interventions

Psychiatric Nursing Interventions focus on assessing and managing patients with mental health disorders. Students learn about various psychiatric conditions, treatment modalities, and therapeutic interventions. The course emphasizes the collaboration between nurses, psychiatrists, psychologists, and other mental health professionals to develop comprehensive care plans and promote recovery.

Maternal and Child Health Nursing

Obstetric Nursing

Obstetric Nursing focuses on providing care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. Students learn about prenatal care, labor and delivery, newborn assessment, and postpartum care for both the mother and the baby. This course equips nurses with the knowledge and skills to support expectant mothers’ physical and emotional well-being and ensure healthy outcomes for both mother and child. Any school for labor and delivery nurse offers this course.

Pediatric Nursing

Pediatric Nursing explores the care of infants, children, and adolescents. Students learn about growth and development milestones, common pediatric illnesses, and preventive care. This course emphasizes the unique considerations and specialized approaches required to provide age-appropriate care to pediatric patients, ensuring their well-being and supporting their overall development.

Community Health Nursing Courses

Public Health Nursing

These courses here are common in online bachelors in public health programs, but are taken by nursing students, too. Public Health Nursing focuses on population-based healthcare, health promotion, and disease prevention. Students learn to assess community needs, implement health education programs, and collaborate with community organizations. The current number of employed public health nurses in the United States exceeds 16,183 (Zippia, n.d.). They play a vital role in addressing public health concerns, advocating for vulnerable populations, and improving the overall health of communities.

Gerontological Nursing

Gerontological Nursing focuses on the care of older adults and the management of age-related conditions. Students learn about the physiological changes associated with aging, common geriatric syndromes, and strategies for promoting healthy aging. Gerontological nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the well-being of older adults, addressing their unique needs, and advocating for their rights and dignity.

Key Elective Courses Useful to Nursing

In addition to the core nursing courses, many RN degree programs offer relevant and elective courses that provide students with specialized knowledge and skills to enhance their nursing practice. While these courses may vary depending on the institution and program, here are some examples of additional courses that can be valuable to nursing students:

Health Assessment

Health Assessment focuses on the comprehensive physical and psychosocial assessment of patients. Students learn skills such as interviewing techniques, physical examination, and documentation. A thorough understanding of health assessment is essential for accurate diagnosis, planning appropriate interventions, and monitoring patient progress.

Evidence-Based Practice

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) equips nurses with the skills to integrate research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences in their decision-making process. Students learn to critically appraise research studies, apply evidence to practice and evaluate outcomes. EBP empowers nurses to provide the most current and effective care based on research-based evidence.

Leadership and Management in Nursing

Leadership and Management in Nursing courses focus on developing leadership skills and management principles necessary for nursing roles beyond direct patient care. Students learn about healthcare delivery systems, organizational behavior, and effective communication. These courses prepare nurses for leadership positions, where they can influence and implement positive changes in healthcare settings.

Healthcare Informatics

Healthcare Informatics explores the use of technology and information systems in healthcare delivery. Students learn about electronic health records, data management, and healthcare analytics. This course equips nurses with the skills to navigate and utilize healthcare technology, enhancing patient care and improving healthcare outcomes. Future nurses will be trained to be cognizant of cyber threats in a hyper digital world, including data leaks, social engineering and identity theft.

Cultural Competence in Nursing

Cultural Competence in Nursing emphasizes understanding and respecting patients’ diverse cultural backgrounds. Students explore concepts of cultural sensitivity, health disparities, and the impact of culture on healthcare beliefs and practices. Cultural competence enables nurses to provide patient-centered care and develop therapeutic relationships with individuals from different cultural backgrounds.

Ethics in Nursing

Ethics in Nursing courses delve into ethical principles and dilemmas commonly encountered in healthcare. Students learn about ethical decision-making frameworks, professional boundaries, and legal considerations. These courses help nurses navigate complex ethical situations, ensuring patient advocacy and upholding ethical standards.

How Online RN Programs Cater to Different Learning Styles

Online RN programs are designed to be flexible and cater to various learning styles, which can be especially beneficial for non-nurses seeking to transition into the healthcare field. Understanding how these programs accommodate different learning needs can help prospective students make informed decisions about their education.

Here are some aspects that online RN programs take into consideration:

• Visual Learners: Many online programs use video lectures, diagrams, and visual content to help students grasp complex nursing concepts.
• Auditory Learners: Audio lectures and podcasts are frequently available to enhance the learning experience.
• Kinesthetic Learners: Interactive elements such as virtual simulations and labs are often integrated to provide hands-on learning opportunities.
• Collaborative Learners: Group discussions, peer reviews, and collaborative projects are common features in many online RN programs, encouraging teamwork and knowledge-sharing.

By offering diverse learning options, these programs ensure that students with varying preferences can succeed. If you’re a non-nurse looking to transition into the field, considering an online RN program for non-nurses may be an excellent choice for your educational journey.

Is an ADN to MSN Bridge Program the Key to Advanced Nursing Leadership?

An ADN to MSN bridge program strategically advances nursing professionals by merging foundational clinical experience with advanced theoretical training. These programs emphasize leadership, critical decision-making, and enhanced practice competencies, allowing experienced nurses to transition into roles that involve policy-making, research, and clinical management. Integrating rigorous clinical coursework with innovative teaching methods, such programs not only foster professional development but also support a smoother transition to specialized roles. For an expedited pathway to advanced credentials, consider exploring the RN to MSN online nurse practitioner option, which combines flexibility and comprehensive curriculum design to meet today’s healthcare demands.

How do accelerated LPN programs impact career advancement in nursing?

When considering how to accelerate your nursing career, accelerated LPN programs can be a key factor in your professional journey. These programs are designed to help individuals who may already have healthcare experience or a background in another field enter the nursing profession quickly. Here’s how these programs can enhance your career advancement:

• Fast-Tracking into the Nursing Workforce: Accelerated LPN programs offer a condensed curriculum that allows students to complete their nursing education in a shorter time frame compared to traditional programs. By opting for an accelerated path, you can begin working as a licensed practical nurse sooner, which can lead to quicker income generation and hands-on experience in the field.
• Increased Job Opportunities: Completing an accelerated LPN program can make you more competitive in the job market. Many healthcare facilities value the efficiency and dedication of those who complete accelerated programs. Employers may view this as a sign of your commitment to becoming a skilled nurse and an asset to their team, which can open up more job opportunities in various healthcare settings.
• Cost-Effective Education Option: While accelerated LPN programs are designed to be completed in a shorter amount of time, they can also be more cost-effective than traditional nursing programs. By reducing the overall duration of your studies, you may be able to save on tuition, fees, and living expenses, allowing you to enter the workforce and start earning faster.

What Are the Benefits of Specialized Certificate Programs in Nursing?

Specialized certificate programs provide a targeted curriculum that enhances clinical decision-making and expands practice competencies beyond traditional degree pathways. These programs are designed to hone advanced skills and integrate emerging healthcare trends, offering a concise yet intensive opportunity for professional growth. For example, enrolling in a 1 year post master's FNP online program can streamline the progression towards specialized roles by focusing on contemporary clinical practices and leadership in patient care.

Bridging Pathways for Non-Traditional Nursing Students

The nursing profession continues to attract individuals from diverse educational and professional backgrounds. For those already working in healthcare, such as paramedics, bridging programs offer a streamlined pathway to becoming registered nurses (RNs). These programs are designed to build on existing medical knowledge and experience, enabling a faster transition into the nursing field.

By skipping redundant foundational courses, students in bridging programs can complete their RN qualifications more quickly, making the process highly time-efficient. Additionally, the reduced coursework often translates to lower tuition costs, offering significant financial savings. Moreover, paramedics bring existing skills in emergency care and patient interaction, which give them a distinct advantage in nursing education and clinical practice, allowing them to excel in both academic and hands-on settings.

Graduates of bridging programs are well-equipped for specialized nursing roles, such as critical care or emergency nursing, thanks to their strong foundation in acute patient care. For a deeper look into career growth and earning potential, explore our guide on the best paramedic to RN bridge program online.

If you have prior healthcare experience and a passion for advancing patient care, a bridging program can be a transformative step. With flexible online and hybrid options, these programs cater to working professionals, ensuring accessibility without compromising on quality.

Bridging pathways not only address the demand for skilled nurses but also provide an opportunity for healthcare professionals to elevate their careers while contributing to the evolving healthcare landscape.

How Does Licensure Exam Preparation Impact Nursing Career Development?

Licensure examinations validate a nurse’s clinical competence and serve as a critical benchmark for transitioning from academic training to professional practice. In structured nursing programs, targeted exam preparation is integrated with real-world simulations to sharpen decision-making and boost exam confidence without compromising clinical rigor. Incorporating dedicated review sessions, practice assessments, and expert mentorship ensures that candidates are well-prepared for licensing success. For students pursuing a streamlined entry into patient care, enrollment in an affordable licensed practical nurse online program can offer a focused approach to foundational exam readiness and career launch.

How Can Allied Health Programs Complement Your Nursing Career?

Diversifying skill sets through interdisciplinary studies can create a more comprehensive approach to patient care. Integrating allied health education—such as focused training in pharmacy technology—enables nursing professionals to enhance their understanding of medication management and interprofessional collaboration. This additional expertise supports more informed clinical decisions and a broader scope of practice. For targeted training in this area, consider the best pharmacy technician online course.

Can Self-Paced Learning Enhance Your Nursing Education?

Self-paced learning offers significant advantages for nursing students seeking flexibility and personalized progress. By allowing learners to balance academic demands with clinical practice or work responsibilities, self-paced formats can accelerate competency achievement without compromising the integrity of the curriculum. This approach also supports diverse learning needs by empowering students to revisit complex topics as needed, which may improve retention and confidence in clinical decision-making. For further insights into quality programs that integrate this model, explore the self paced online college.

How Do Financial Considerations Influence Your Nursing Education?

Evaluating the financial aspects of your education is crucial for long-term career success. Nursing programs come with varying tuition fees, materials costs, and potential hidden expenses that can significantly impact your return on investment. Prospective students can benefit from comparing different program costs, including those associated with accelerated training paths. For instance, understanding the cost of LPN program provides insight into the financial commitment required, helping you weigh options and explore available financial aid. Analyzing these costs relative to anticipated salary increases and career advancement opportunities ensures a more informed and strategic decision-making process.

How Do Online Nursing Programs Integrate Hands-On Clinical Experience?

Online nursing programs address the theory‐practice gap by incorporating structured clinical practicums that provide supervised hands-on experience alongside advanced digital simulation labs. These programs collaborate with local healthcare facilities to ensure that students gain practical exposure through real-time clinical scenarios and interactive case studies. By leveraging telehealth modules and virtual simulation tools, students refine their decision-making and patient care competencies in a controlled, feedback-rich environment. For those seeking advanced practice credentials and comprehensive clinical training, exploring affordable DNP programs may offer an effective pathway.

Towards a Solid Foundation in Nursing

Aspiring nurses embarking on an RN degree program can expect to encounter diverse nursing courses designed to provide a solid foundation for their professional practice. From foundational science courses to specialized nursing areas, each course contributes to developing essential knowledge and skills required to deliver quality patient care. By understanding the common courses offered in RN degree programs, prospective nursing students can better prepare themselves for the challenging and rewarding journey ahead. With dedication and perseverance, these nursing courses will pave the way toward a fulfilling and impactful nursing career.

Key Insights

• Growing Demand for RNs: The field of registered nursing is expected to experience a 6% growth rate from 2021 to 2031, driven by job turnover and the need to replace retiring nurses.
• Essential Foundational Courses: RN degree programs include foundational science courses such as Anatomy and Physiology, Microbiology, and Nursing Fundamentals, crucial for developing a solid foundation in nursing practice.
• Diverse Learning Areas: Nursing students study various specialized fields, including Pharmacology, Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Maternal and Child Health Nursing, and Community Health Nursing.
• Advanced Career Opportunities: Higher educational levels in nursing, such as BSN and MSN, provide more in-depth knowledge and specialized skills, leading to higher salaries and advanced career opportunities.
• Accreditation Importance: Ensure that nursing programs are accredited by The Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) or the Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN) to maintain educational standards and enhance employability.
• Elective Courses for Specialization: RN programs offer elective courses like Health Assessment, Evidence-Based Practice, Leadership and Management in Nursing, Healthcare Informatics, Cultural Competence, and Ethics in Nursing to provide specialized knowledge and skills.
• Impactful Career: A career in nursing offers the opportunity to make a significant positive impact on patient care, public health, and the overall healthcare system.

FAQ

1. What foundational science courses are essential for an RN degree?

Essential foundational science courses for an RN degree include Anatomy and Physiology, which cover the structure and functions of the human body, and Microbiology, which focuses on the study of microorganisms and their impact on human health.

2. What are the core nursing fundamentals covered in RN programs?

Core nursing fundamentals include Introduction to Nursing, which provides an overview of the nursing profession and its role in the healthcare system, and Fundamentals of Nursing Practice, which equips students with essential skills and techniques necessary for patient care.

3. What topics are covered in pharmacology courses for nursing students?

Pharmacology courses for nursing students cover Basic Pharmacology, which includes different drug classifications, mechanisms of action, and potential side effects, and Pharmacotherapeutics, which focuses on the application of pharmacological principles in treating specific diseases and conditions.

4. What is the focus of medical-surgical nursing courses in RN programs?

Medical-Surgical Nursing courses focus on the care of adult patients with common medical-surgical conditions, including cardiovascular disorders, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal conditions, and musculoskeletal disorders. The courses emphasize nursing interventions, patient education, and interdisciplinary collaboration.

5. Why is mental health and psychiatric nursing important in RN education?

Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing are important in RN education because they provide an understanding of mental health disorders, therapeutic communication techniques, psychosocial assessment, and strategies for promoting mental well-being. This equips nurses to provide compassionate and effective care to individuals experiencing mental health challenges.

6. What are the key areas covered in maternal and child health nursing courses?

Maternal and Child Health Nursing courses cover Obstetric Nursing, which focuses on care during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period, and Pediatric Nursing, which explores the care of infants, children, and adolescents, including growth and development milestones, common pediatric illnesses, and preventive care.

7. How do community health nursing courses benefit nursing students?

Community Health Nursing courses benefit nursing students by teaching them about population-based healthcare, health promotion, and disease prevention. Students learn to assess community needs, implement health education programs, and collaborate with community organizations to improve public health.

8. What elective courses are useful for enhancing nursing practice?

Useful elective courses for enhancing nursing practice include Health Assessment, Evidence-Based Practice, Leadership and Management in Nursing, Healthcare Informatics, Cultural Competence, and Ethics in Nursing. These courses provide specialized knowledge and skills to improve patient care and professional development.

9. How do RN programs differ at the associate's, bachelor's, and master's levels?

RN programs at the associate's level provide fundamental nursing education for entry-level roles. Bachelor's programs offer more in-depth knowledge and additional coursework in leadership and community health. Master's programs focus on advanced practice, specialized fields, and leadership roles, building on the foundational knowledge gained at the undergraduate level.

10. Why is accreditation important for nursing programs?

Accreditation is important for nursing programs because it ensures the program meets high-quality standards, is recognized by employers and other educational institutions, and prepares graduates for professional practice. Accredited programs enhance employability and credibility in the nursing profession.

References:

1. Cardiovascular diseases. (n.d.). World Health Organization. Retrieved June 16, 2023, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases#tab=tab_1
2. Mental Health By the Numbers | NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). https://www.nami.org/mhstats
3. Nursing Fact Sheet. (n.d.). https://www.aacnnursing.org/news-data/fact-sheets/nursing-fact-sheet
4. Public Health Nurse Demographics and Statistics [2023]: Number Of Public Health Nurses In The US. (2022, September 9). https://www.zippia.com/public-health-nurse-jobs/demographics/
5. Registered Nurses:    Occupational Outlook Handbook::    U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2022, September 8). https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/registered-nurses.htm#tab-6
6. Smiley, R. A., Allgeyer, R. L., Shobo, Y., Lyons, K. C., Letourneau, R., Zhong, E., Kaminski-Ozturk, N., & Alexander, M. (2023). The 2022 National Nursing Workforce Survey. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 14(1), S1S90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2155-8256(23)00047-9
7. Zhang, C., Xiang, C., Tian, X., Xue, J., He, G., Wu, X., Mei, Z., & Li, T. (2021). Roles of Nursing in the Management of Geriatric Cardiovascular Diseases. Frontiers in Medicine, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.682218