What is Social Work for 2025?

by Imed Bouchrika, Phd

Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist

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It seems that from time immemorial, humans have had the drive for prosocial behavior guided by a sense of equity. Biologists Frans de Waal (2012), most famously, have even argued that this is hardwired into our very nature and is a shared evolutionary trait with other animals, especially other primates. Even our distant evolutionary cousins, the brown capuchin monkeys, exhibit an aversion to inequity (Brosnan & de Waal, 2003). Unlike them, however, our more advanced capability for social learning allows us to hone and institutionalize this natural proclivity, much like our arguably less moral inclinations. And social work practice looks to be on a continuum with our species’ prosociality. The profession is now more than 700,000 strong in the United States (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2022).

In this article, we will discuss what is social work as a professional practice. We will examine its history, origins, and the collective thinking behind institutionalizing prosociality. Using data and views from reputable academic and industry sources gathered by our experts at Research.com, we will include a brief foray into social work theoretical models, ethical codes, and current key industry statistics among other things. This, we hope, can bring you a general overview of the discipline, its impact on society, and its overall project to give you an idea of whether social work, as a profession, is worth being a part of for you.

What is Social Work Table of Contents

1. What is social work?
2. History of Social Work
3. Social Work Theoretical Models and Practices
4. Social Work Code of Ethics
5. The Impact of Social Work
6. The Social Work Profession
7. The Role of Technology in Shaping Social Work's Future
8. Social Work Challenges
9. How Can a Doctorate Elevate Your Social Work Career?
10. Can online clinical social work programs effectively prepare you for licensure?
11. The Future Interdisciplinarity of Social Work
12. Educational Pathways and Career Advancement in Social Work
13. What sets social work apart from other human services professions?
14. Can interdisciplinary studies enhance social work practice?
15. The Role of Advocacy in Expanding Social Work's Impact
16. How Does Accreditation Elevate Social Work Education?
17. How does social work differ from psychology?
18. What promising career opportunities can an MSW unlock?
19. Can a career in social work be right for you?

What is social work?

So, what is social work? Social work, put simply, is the professional practice of helping other people cope with their struggles in daily life (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2022). This might be a general description, but it is a very accurate one as social work covers virtually all aspects of human life in one’s lifespan. It starts from helping individuals, families, groups, and communities with their basic needs to supporting pressing struggles in the broader society. There are social work programs for youth development, aging, racial inequalities, and poverty, among others. And these, too, are carried out on different scales, from providing interventions for issues being dealt with by a single individual to fighting for prosocial policies in the broader public sphere.

Social work’s traditional commitment is to promote and enforce social justice and human rights (International Federation of Social Workers, 2023). And it is forever guided by this principle. But as societies change, practitioners argue that a redefinition of social work (see Ornellas et al., 2016) is in order.

Changing times require a change in definition: What is social work really?

Ornellas and colleagues (2016), in their paper, “The global social work definition: Ontology, implications and challenges," published in the Journal of Social Work, pointed out that the previous social work definition by the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) highlighted that the commitment to social justice and human rights has been subjected to professional criticism. Citing first-hand works, they found that social workers from different regions “took positions against the impact of neoliberalism… Western bias of the definition … emphasis on individualism … lack of recognition of collectivism, social stability and social cohesion … omission of a strong theoretical underpinning… failure to recognise the importance of indigenous knowledge… along with redress for historical, cultural and political Western scientific colonialism and hegemony (Ornellas et al., 2016)." As such, the IFSW and the International Schools of Social Work (IASSW) have to come to redefine what is social work, taking into consideration a definition that represents more than 110 member countries, compared to the earlier one that had the participation of only 63 members—a significant change. Below is the new international social work definition:

“Social work is a practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes social change and development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of people. Principles of social justice, human rights, collective responsibility, and respect for diversities are central to social work. Underpinned by theories of social work, social sciences, humanities, and indigenous knowledge, social work engages people and structures to address life challenges and enhance well-being. (IFSW, 2014 in Ornellas et al., 2016)"

The new definition essentially pulls away from traditional Western dominance, taking a more culturally inclusive approach and a renewed commitment to the ‘social’ in social work. And what is social work defined now also changes the social worker definition.

History of Social Work

As indicated in the previous section, social work, as a profession, started as a Western invention. As Stuart (2013) notes, “The social work profession originated in volunteer efforts to address the social question, the paradox of increasing poverty in an increasingly productive and prosperous economy, in Europe and North America during the late 19th century. By 1900, working for social betterment had become an occupation, and social work achieved professional status by 1930." The first significant step to professionalize the endeavor in America was the first social work class in 1898 at Columbia University (National Association of Social Workers, 2023). This paved the way for establishing more private charitable organizations for serving the nation’s needy people.

The Origins of Social Work

There were modern forerunners, however, before the professionalization of social work. In the middle of the 19th century, charitable organizations in the U.S. already focused on alleviating what they deemed social ills (Simmons University, 2021). Two of such were the Association for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor, founded in 1843, and the Children’s Society, established in 1853. These organizations focused on improving tenement housing and child welfare, spurred by ineffective government responses to pressing social issues. In the early days of the Civil War emerged relief organizations such as the Women’s Central Association of Relief (WCAR) and the United States Sanitary Commission (USSC), the latter being the only civilian-led relief agency recognized by the government. These organizations provided relief work for soldiers, with the latter providing support for soldiers’ physical and mental health. This is in addition to the establishment of military hospitals, distribution of medicines and clothing, and the transportation of the injured. All of these, too, were funded by donations at no extra cost to the government.

It was in 1877 that “scientific charity" was first applied. This was in the attempt of the American Charity Organization Society to respond to the social issues brought forth by industrialization (Simmons University, 2021). Volunteers used concepts from the field of business, and reformers endeavored to regulate public relief distribution efforts to minority immigrant communities who have increasingly become a major part of the labor force. It is in the spirit of tackling the Social Question, “ensure that immigrants and other vulnerable people gained tools and skills to escape economic and social poverty (NASW, 2023)," that the American professional social work was established. In 1881, Clara Barton and her acquaintances founded the American Red Cross, inspired by the Swiss global Red Cross network created in 1863.

Development of Social Work as a Profession

Full social work educational programs started appearing during the late 19th century, with Columbia University, in partnership with The New York College of Science, having developed and provided the first social work class (Simmons University, 2021). A collaboration by Simmons College in 1904 with Harvard University established the Boston School of Social Workers. And Simmons was the first to offer training for the clinical social work specialization.

Between 1900 to 1910, a distinctive occupational status for charity workers was established (Stuart, 2013). In five cities, schools of philanthropy or charity started providing training to those who wanted to pursue the occupation. Social workers joined settle house residents and childcare workers in new settings, including public schools, juvenile courts, psychiatric clinics, and big city general hospitals. And even though the discipline was in its early stages and without defining frameworks and methods, its new techniques were applied to new demographics. Moreover, the country witnessed the first significant investments into the new profession in the same decade. This is in the founding of the Russell Sage Foundation in 1907, which spent its first 40 years supporting the development of professional social work.

During the following decades, more definite conceptual bases were developed and established as the primary method for social work practice. The Russel Sage Foundation published Mary Richmond’s Social Diagnosis in 1917, which became an authoritative text. Since then, there has been a heavy push for professionalization in terms of theory-building and skills training. These, too, were shaped by actual field experience during pivotal points in American and world history: the First World War, the Great Depression, the New Deal, and World War II. During these times, social workers were called upon to provide myriad services and had begun close work with other professionals in the clinical setting, adding new tools to their skill sets. Since then, social workers have been at the forefront of many initiatives, and the profession has developed specialized social work skills.

In 1979, the American Association of Social Work Boards was incorporated to “develop an effective examination to measure minimum competency of entry-level social work practitioners (Association of Social Work Boards, 2022)." In 1983, the association held its first social worker license exam for 464 social workers in Virginia, New York, and Oklahoma. On its 20th anniversary, it changed its name to the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB). Today, the organization tests more than 50,000 every year.

Social Work Theoretical Models and Practices

Social Work covers a lot of ground in its practice. As such, it draws from different disciplines and schools of thought. Today, social work scholars are incorporating heterodox conceptual resources given the push for the partial departure from Western ideals and thinking. Below, however, are the common theories underpinning social work practice.

Social Work Theories: Areas of Study That Inform Social Work Practice

• Psychosocial Development Theory. This purports an eight-stage theory of psychosocial development and identity. Articulated by Erik Erikson, it claims that everyone must undergo an eight-stage development process over one’s life cycle, divided by age ranges from infancy to older adulthood. These are hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, and wisdom.
• Psychodynamic Theory. This is a theory of personality based on conscious and unconscious forces. Developed by Freud, it claims that personality is constituted by the id, ego, and superego. Roughly, the id refers to basic instincts; the superego to rational and moral behavior; and the ego, which mediates between the two. Much criticism has been levied against this theory, but it remains part of the basic social work theory education. And, arguably, one can find it operationally useful in analyzing human motivations and behavior without being entirely true or scientific.
• Transpersonal Theory. The theory proposes more stages beyond the ego of an adult. It claims that such stages lead to creativity, wisdom, and altruism in healthy individuals. However, for individuals who have not had healthy ego development, their experiences may lead to psychosis.
• Rational Choice Theory. A theory commonly attributed to Adam Smith proposes that individuals weigh the risk and rewards of a certain action policy before moving forward with it. It also suggests that the self-driven rational actions of individuals can create a win-win scenario for a collective.
• Cognitive Behavioral Theory. This theory examines how thoughts, feelings, and actions interact with each other and can be malleable. It proposes that since thoughts influence our feelings and behaviors, we can change them by changing our thoughts. It is used by social workers to aid clients in identifying and challenging negative patterns of thought and finding new ways to think more positively.
• Social Learning Theory. Developed by Albert Bandura, Social Learning Theory suggests that humans learn by observation and the imitation of social behaviors. It proposes that behavior is more likely to be repeated when it is reinforced. Used in the practice context, this points to how it may be more effective for a person to learn by demonstration rather than just hearing about it.
• Systems Theory. Systems theory is a way of understanding human behavior by looking at the complex systems in which people live. This theory suggests that an effective system takes into account the needs, rewards, expectations, and characteristics of the individuals within it. In this view, when a problem arises, it is addressed by involving all members of the system—whether it be a family, couple, or organization—even if the issue appears to be specific to one individual.

The Three Levels of Social Work

Social work is a professional practice encompassing many scales, from individuals to families and communities to the broader society. It is said that social workers can operate at different levels of intervention: micro, mezzo, and macro. These three levels of social work are interrelated and complementary, as they address various aspects of human problems and solutions.

• Micro Level. Here, social workers focus on helping individuals and families cope with their personal and interpersonal issues, such as mental health, substance abuse, domestic violence, etc. Mezzo social work involves working with small to medium-sized groups, such as neighborhoods, schools, organizations, and communities.
• Mezzo Level. Social workers may facilitate group counseling, community development, advocacy, and policy change at this level.
• Macro Level. This encompasses the larger systems and structures that affect people’s lives, such as governments, laws, institutions, and social movements. Macro social workers may engage in research, evaluation, planning, administration, and social action.

Social Work Code of Ethics

Like other professions, Social Work has a code of ethics. This serves as the guide for defining social work values, the profession’s principles, and standards for professional practice. This reflects the core mission of the profession, which is to meet the basic needs of all people and improve their well-being, especially the oppressed and the most vulnerable. And it also serves as a tool for ethical decision-making and provides a measure of accountability. Also, it recognizes the cultural competence required of social workers and the need for professional self-care. The Code of Ethics is laid out by the National Association of Social Workers (NASW), the professional association of social workers with the largest membership in the world.

The Purpose of the NASW Code of Ethics

1. Identifies the core values on which the profession’s mission is based.
2. Summarizes broad ethical principles reflecting social work’s core values and establishes specific ethical standards to guide the professional conduct of social work
3. Designed to help professionals identify pertinent considerations when there are conflicts in their obligations or in situations with ethical uncertainties
4. Provides the ethical standards that the public can hold social workers responsible to uphold
5. To socialize new practitioners to the profession’s ethical principles, stands, mission, and values, and to encourage social workers to engage in ongoing education, self-care, and other activities to strengthen their commitment to the core features of the social work profession. It basically reinforces what is social work and its goals for professionals.
6. Articulates standards that the profession can use to assess whether members have committed unethical acts; it serves as the basis for the formal procedures in adjudicating ethical complaints against members. By subscribing to this Code, members are required to cooperate in its implementation and adjudication processes and abide by sanctions and disciplinary rulings of the NASW.

Social Work Ethical Principles

Value: Service
Ethical Principle: The main goal of social workers is to assist those in need and address social issues.

Social workers place the needs of others above their own and use their expertise to help those in need and tackle social problems. They are urged to offer their professional services for free or at a lower cost, known as pro bono service.

Value: Social Justice
Ethical Principle: Social workers fight against social injustice.

Social workers strive for social change to help disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. They concentrate on issues such as poverty, joblessness, and prejudice. Social workers aim to raise awareness of oppression and diversity and work to ensure that everyone has equal access to information, services, and decision-making.

Value: Dignity and Worth of the Person
Ethical Principle: Social workers value the inherent dignity and worth of every person.

Social workers approach each individual with kindness and respect, taking into account their unique characteristics and cultural background. They support their client’s rights to make their own choices in a socially responsible way. Social workers aim to improve their client’s ability to meet their own needs while balancing their obligations to their clients and society.

Value: Importance of Human Relationships
Ethical Principle: Social workers understand the crucial role of human relationships.

Social workers understand the importance of relationships in bringing about change. They collaborate with people as equals in the process of providing help. Social workers aim to build stronger relationships to improve the well-being of individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities.

The Impact of Social Work

Social work, as a profession, has helped change the world for over 100 years now. Social workers have helped improve the lives and well-being of individuals, groups, families, and communities since the professionalization of the occupation. And it has focused on the oppressed, vulnerable, and the marginalized. Given that social work is a broad field, it is somewhat unclear for many what the social worker job description really is, asking the questions, “What do social workers do?" and “What is social work good for?" Before going into some details, here are the major contributions of the profession since its inception (Walden University, 2019).

Civil Rights. Social workers played a significant role in the civil rights movement of the 1960s and have continued to work towards securing equal rights for all individuals, regardless of their race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation. They recognize that discrimination can profoundly affect an individual’s or family’s well-being and that eliminating discrimination is crucial in ensuring everyone has access to necessary services and opportunities.

Workers’ Rights. Social workers have been essential in advocating for the rights of workers. They recognize the impact of employment or unemployment on an individual’s well-being. As a result, they have worked to reform labor laws and create programs to assist those who have lost their jobs. These programs include unemployment insurance, disability pay, worker’s compensation, and Social Security.

Poverty. Social workers have been crucial in the efforts to combat poverty. They have helped develop programs designed to alleviate the most damaging effects of poverty. For instance, during the New Deal and Great Society periods, social workers participated in creating and implementing programs like Medicaid and Medicare. These programs increased access to healthcare and ensured that the cost of medical treatments did not hinder individuals’ ability to prosper.

Child Abuse and Neglect. Social workers play a crucial role in the child protective services system in every state in the U.S. They are actively involved in addressing issues of child abuse and neglect and have been instrumental in developing and implementing laws and procedures to safeguard children.

Substance Abuse. Social workers have laid the groundwork for providing social assistance to people suffering from substance abuse disorders and addiction. Since this issue is always a root cause for others, such as domestic conflict, educational failure, and crime, dealing with drug and alcohol addiction can help mitigate what they can possibly cause. Social workers have been and continue to advocate for treatment programs and public health initiatives to deal with addiction.

Mental Illness. In the past, many people suffering from mental illness were placed in asylums, where they often did not receive humane treatment. Social workers have worked to change not only the way we treat individuals with mental illness but also the way we perceive it. They have fought to reform our mental healthcare system and destigmatize mental illness. As a result of their efforts, mental health services have become more humane and focused on helping individuals with mental illness lead productive lives.

The Social Work Profession

Now that you have an idea of what is social work, its values, and its contribution. It is time to address the question of “What is a social worker?" in detail. The section also introduces you to the steps in how to become a social worker and outlines key social work skills needed for the job. To do this, it is best first to recognize that since social work has a broad scope of service, the field employs different kinds of social workers that have specialized knowledge and skills to serve a specific area. They are commonly categorized into two: Direct Service Social Workers and Clinical Social Workers.

Types of Social Workers

Direct Service Social Workers

Direct service social workers assist clients in enhancing their well-being by creating plans and linking them with resources like food stamps or healthcare. They conduct intake and initial screening to identify the services their client needs. Their duties often differ from one case to another, including making referrals, managing cases, determining program eligibility, providing counseling, and mediating. Direct service social workers assist diverse populations, including military families and those receiving hospice care. They work in various settings, such as government agencies, schools, residential facilities, behavioral health centers, and juvenile correctional facilities. Typically, these social worker jobs have a minimum education requirement to apply for. It is often a Bachelor’s in Social Work (BSW) degree. If you have a different bachelor’s degree and would like to become a social worker, you can look into many quality yet affordable online bachelors degree in social work programs that can give you some flexibility, especially if you are a working professional.

Clinical Social Workers

Clinical social workers, also called licensed clinical social workers (LCSWs), primarily direct clients to mental health professionals or support groups. They concentrate on evaluating, diagnosing, treating, and preventing mental and emotional disorders. They provide a range of social work services, including treatment for mental illnesses, and use individual, group, and family therapy as standard treatment approaches. They can be found working in a range of settings. They may work in private practice, hospitals, addiction recovery centers, and social service agencies. They offer various social work services, including treatment for mental illnesses, and employ individual, group, and family therapy as typical treatment methods. To become a licensed clinical social worker, one must have a Master’s in Social Work (MSW) degree and a required length of field experience, depending on your state. And there are many programs for social work online degrees, including MSW and doctorate offerings.

How to Become a Social Worker

To become a social worker, you should first earn your social work degree and become a licensed social worker to practice. There are entry-level jobs in the field that may not require a social work degree or a license, but there are limitations to the responsibilities that they can hold. Keep in mind that different states have different licensing requirements. For instance, in New York, one must have an MSW with at least 900 internship hours just to apply for a license. Others are laxer in this regard, only requiring a bachelor’s degree. And, of course, you should pass the ASWB exams. Do note that there are many kinds of licenses for different scopes of work. And again, this depends on your state. Common ones include:

• Licensed Baccalaureate of Social Work (LBSW). This is the initial step for those with a Bachelor’s degree in Social Work to begin practicing non-clinical social work.
• Licensed Master of Social Work (LMSW). Permits individuals with a Master’s degree in Social Work to work as non-clinical social workers and is a step closer to clinical practice.
• Licensed Master Social Worker Advanced Generalist (LMSW-AG). Allows individuals with a Master’s degree in Social Work to perform non-clinical social work at an advanced level.
• Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). Permits individuals with a Master’s degree in Social Work to engage in clinical social work, including the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness and emotional and behavioral disturbances.

How to Retain an Active Social Work License

To continue practicing, social work licenses must be renewed every two years. Each state has its own renewal regulations, which usually involve earning around 30 continuing education credit hours and paying a fee. However, this can vary by state and license type. For instance, in Alaska, social workers must earn 45 continuing education hours to qualify for renewal.

Social Work Jobs and Salary

Below are some social work career jobs, typical minimum degree requirements, and average yearly salary estimates, including LCSW private practice salary.

Social Work Assistants

Social work assistants support clients under licensed social workers’ guidance. Their duties may include helping clients access resources and services, offering emotional support, and assisting with administrative tasks and paperwork.

Minimum degree: Associate’s in Social Work (or in a related field)
Average salary: $44,728

Addiction counselors provide support and treatment to those struggling with substance abuse and addiction. Their responsibilities may include conducting assessments, developing treatment plans, and providing therapy to individuals or groups. So, how much do counselors make? Well, it depends on their specialization and where they work. The average salary, however, is indicated below.

Minimum degree: Bachelor’s in Social Work (BSW)
Average salary: $53,382

Health Educator

Health educators teach individuals and communities about healthy behaviors and ways of living. Their duties may include creating educational materials, leading workshops or classes, and providing information and referrals.

Minimum degree: Bachelor’s in Social Work (BSW)
Average salary: $51,832

Child Welfare Specialist

These individuals work to protect children from abuse and neglect by investigating their living conditions in homes and childcare facilities. Their goal is to ensure the safety and well-being of children and to make sure their needs are met.

Minimum degree: Master’s in Social Work (MSW)
Average salary: $49,320

Mental Health Counselor

These professionals offer counseling to individuals with mental health issues to help them enhance their well-being.

Minimum degree: Master’s in Social Work (MSW)
Average salary: $62,660

Clinical Social Worker

A clinical social worker is a healthcare professional who assists individuals experiencing behavioral and emotional problems. They evaluate clients, develop treatment plans, track progress, and collaborate with other healthcare professionals to provide care.

Minimum degree: Master’s in Social Work (MSW)
Average salary: $59,488

School Social Worker

These professionals assist students in maximizing their academic potential by providing social work services to students, school staff, and parents. They work with external agencies to support families and provide guidance to teachers and other school personnel. They also create plans for crisis intervention and assist students in developing coping mechanisms.
Minimum degree: Master’s in Social Work (MSW)
Average salary: $67,622

Forensic Social Worker

A forensic social worker uses social work principles to address legal matters in both criminal and civil cases. These professionals support individuals who may be disadvantaged or mistreated by the legal system and help people of all ages with issues such as child custody, juvenile detention, child abuse, elder abuse, divorce, civil conflicts, criminal behavior, and incarceration. This is quite related to forensic psychology. So, if you have a background and are wondering what to do with a forensic psychology degree that can make a difference, maybe look into getting into social work.

Minimum degree: Master’s in Social Work (MSW)
Average salary: $59,488

Social Work Career Outlook

The future of the social work profession in the United States looks promising. In May 2021, there were 708,100 jobs in this field. Between 2021 and 2031, job growth is projected to be 9%, with around 74,700 new job openings each year. Note, however, that most of these openings will be due to retirements and workers finding work in other occupations or industries, resulting in a net increase of only 64,000 jobs during the period.

In May 2021, the median annual salary for social workers was $50,390 at a rate of $23.23 per hour. This is still $4,630 more than the median annual wage for all occupations but not very much. Local governments (excluding hospitals and educational institutions) offer the highest median annual salary at $61,190, followed by ambulatory healthcare services ($58,700), state government (excluding educational institutions and hospitals) at $48,900, and individual and family services at $46,490. Healthcare social workers earn the highest median annual wage among social work specialists at $60,940. Mental health and substance abuse social workers have a median annual income of $49,130.

The Role of Technology in Shaping Social Work's Future

Technology has become a transformative force in social work, influencing how services are delivered, data is managed, and outcomes are tracked. Social workers are increasingly integrating digital tools into their practice, benefiting both clients and practitioners in new and impactful ways.

• Teletherapy and Virtual Counseling: Technology enables social workers to reach clients remotely through teletherapy platforms, making mental health support accessible to those in rural or underserved areas and providing flexibility for clients with mobility challenges.
• Data Management and Analytics: Digital record-keeping and data analytics allow social workers to monitor client progress and outcomes more effectively. By utilizing analytics, social workers can better understand community needs, identify trends, and adjust interventions accordingly.
• AI and Predictive Tools: Emerging AI tools support social work by predicting at-risk cases and optimizing resource allocation, enhancing social workers’ ability to intervene proactively and improve client outcomes.
• E-Learning and Professional Development: Online platforms facilitate continuing education and training, allowing social workers to upgrade their skills flexibly, staying current with the latest practices and ethical considerations in the field.

By harnessing these tools, social work can become more effective, responsive, and accessible, paving the way for a technology-enhanced future in the profession.

Social Work Challenges

Considering its broad scope and the many specialized areas that the profession of social work serves, it is simply expected to have some challenges. Also, because social work is decentralized, with social workers focusing on their particular areas and scope, a singular push seems impossible. And given that social workers work in problem areas, it appears that challenges will simply be there. What is social work, if not that? There are, however, some meta-level challenges that social workers are trying to address. These are in terms of further legitimizing the profession and setting it on firmer theoretical grounds.

Toward Social-Work-Specific Knowledge: Placing Social Work on Firmer Theoretical Grounds

As Ornellas and colleagues (2016) pointed out, there is a push for the profession to become an academic discipline in its own right, not merely using theories of social systems and human behavior for practice. They observe that “it is evident that the significance, scientific origin and the scope of theory is now more strongly advocated, with a transition to a more theory-based academic and scientific framework (Ornellas et al., 2016)." In the old social work definition and paradigm, the emphasis was only on theories of human development, behavior, and social systems to ground and develop an understanding of the person-in-environment perspective. While it is becoming more widely recognized that social work draws and should draw from a broader range of scientific theories, such as nursing, psychology, psychiatry, management, economics, education, anthropology, and ecology, it should venture to develop social-work-specific and scientific knowledge that goes beyond approaches in human behavior. So, much theoretical work is needed in the field today.

Putting “Social" Back in Social Work

So far, the dominant mode of thinking in social work has been the Western idea of individualism (Ornellas et al., 2016). But this has come under heavy critique, and opponents are looking to incorporate other modes of thinking that support collectivism and cooperation, emphasizing social cohesion and responsibility. North American and European ideals heavily focus on supporting individuals—empowering people to move out of poverty by improving their moral and physical capacities—to attain social work intervention goals (Hopps & Lowe, 2008 in Orenllas et al., 2016). Now, with the incorporation of other social theories and perspectives, social workers are advocating for recognizing the capacity of the collective not only to be affected but also to be influential in meeting needs and developing human potential (IFSW, 2001 in Ornellas et al., 2016). Hence, cooperative solutions and collective actions are being developed to solve individual problems. Given this renewed view, the profession needs an increased focus on being an academic discipline and upgrading skills to put this perspective into practice.

Burnout and Self-Care

Along with the need for further theoretical and professional development, social workers also face everyday job challenges that never go away. Social workers face demanding jobs, and they are increasingly becoming more demanding. They deal with more paperwork, difficulty with clients, unmanageable caseloads, and staff shortages (Center for Workforce Studies; NASW, 2006 in Kim & Stoner, 2008). Moreover, there are also everyday workplace issues, such as dealing with bureaucracy and the stress of being around stressful situations. This is not to mention that professionalization has imposed a high barrier to entry, with aspiring social workers having to earn more credentials, field hours, and licenses to move forward. Even with the availability of flexible online offerings for social work degrees, juggling it with actual social work can be impractical for many. As such, turnover rates are getting higher and social workers may find it challenging to stay on course and move away from the profession altogether. And this is a great challenge, as what is social work without its social workers?

How Can a Doctorate Elevate Your Social Work Career?

Doctoral education in social work enhances not only research capabilities but also practical leadership skills, empowering professionals to drive systemic change. A DSW program equips graduates with advanced methodologies for evaluating social policies, developing innovative practice models, and integrating interdisciplinary perspectives to address complex societal issues. This level of education provides an edge in competitive job markets and supports roles in academia, executive leadership, or specialized consultancy. Explore the opportunities offered by the best DSW programs online to gain an in‐depth understanding of how a doctorate can catalyze career transformation and elevate your impact in the field.

The Future Interdisciplinarity of Social Work

Given the abovementioned challenges and the paradigm shift, social work is becoming more interdisciplinary. This is not only in practice but also in the academic understanding and direction of the profession. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought an essential point to light: complex social challenges require complex solutions, and complex solutions require complex thinking. And sticking to tradition and age-old ideas will not move social work forward, not just on its academic side but also in practice. The global pandemic showed, more than ever, that everything is connected—however cliche that is. A single event did not only cause a ripple but huge waves, disrupting social welfare programs that rolled back years, if not a decade, of progress in the field—severely affecting individuals, families, and communities.

As such, social work, embedded in seemingly all facets of society, must look to be more integrated and connected with other disciplines and agencies to carry out its mission. Ongoing education and skills upgrades are called for, and this requires not only the widening of the already wide horizon of theoretical exploration but also the enhancement of the depth of expertise in skills. Much deliberation is yet to be done in terms of what is social work and its scope of work as societies evolve. But social work does not have the luxury of a full stop to reflect and upskill. It must accomplish its lofty and noble goals as it goes its way. If you are considering becoming a social worker, you will find this very challenging. If you like a challenge and are passionate about making a positive difference, then maybe you can be a part of a reformation many believe is a long time coming.

If you want to expand your research, you can also learn more about state-specific programs like how social work in Florida goes or where one can take MSW in Florida.

Can online clinical social work programs effectively prepare you for licensure?

Quality online clinical social work programs are designed to meet rigorous academic standards while addressing the practical demands of licensure. Institutions offering such programs integrate comprehensive curricula with real-world case studies and supervised field placements, ensuring that theoretical knowledge translates seamlessly into effective clinical practice. Prospective students are encouraged to examine program outcomes, faculty expertise, and state-of-the-art support services that facilitate both learning and professional development. For those evaluating their educational options, consider exploring the advantages of an LCSW degree online to gain competitive credentials while maintaining the flexibility needed in today’s evolving professional landscape.

Educational Pathways and Career Advancement in Social Work 

To become a licensed social worker, individuals typically start by earning a Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) degree, which provides foundational knowledge in social work theory, ethics, and practice. However, many social workers choose to advance their education by pursuing a Master of Social Work (MSW) degree, which opens up more specialized career opportunities, higher salaries, and the ability to work with more complex cases.

For those seeking flexibility in their studies, inexpensive online MSW programs can offer an affordable and convenient path to higher education, allowing students to study while balancing personal and professional commitments. These online programs are designed to provide the same rigorous education as traditional programs but at a lower cost, making them an attractive option for individuals who want to minimize student debt while gaining the qualifications needed to advance in the field.

With an MSW, social workers can specialize in various fields such as clinical social work, school social work, or healthcare social work, which often require licensure. Social workers may also choose to pursue certifications in areas like substance abuse, trauma, or family therapy to increase their expertise and marketability.

Career advancement in social work often involves gaining experience, pursuing additional certifications, and potentially taking on supervisory or managerial roles. Social workers may also choose to teach or mentor new professionals in the field, helping to shape the future of the profession. By continuing their education and expanding their practice, social workers can ensure a fulfilling and impactful career dedicated to social justice and the well-being of others.

What sets social work apart from other human services professions?

Social work is distinct from other human services professions due to its unique blend of theory, practice, and advocacy. Unlike other fields, social work is guided by a strong commitment to social justice and human rights, which informs its approach to helping individuals, families, and communities. For example, social workers often engage in macro-level interventions that aim to address systemic issues, such as poverty, inequality, and discrimination. To learn more about the differences between social work and other related professions, such as counseling or psychology, visit social worker vs. therapist to gain a deeper understanding of the distinct roles and responsibilities within these fields. By recognizing the unique aspects of social work, professionals can better navigate the complexities of the field and make informed decisions about their career paths.

Can interdisciplinary studies enhance social work practice?

An interdisciplinary approach in social work education broadens practitioners’ perspectives by integrating insights from complementary fields such as sociology, public health, and political science. This cross-disciplinary framework deepens the understanding of complex social phenomena and informs innovative intervention strategies that respond to multifaceted community needs. Exploring adjacent fields, for example through the cheapest online sociology degree programs, can provide students with additional theoretical tools and research methodologies. By embracing multidisciplinary education, social work professionals can cultivate critical thinking skills that enhance client outcomes and support systemic policy innovation.

The Role of Advocacy in Expanding Social Work's Impact

Advocacy serves as the backbone of social work, amplifying marginalized voices and influencing systemic change. Social workers not only address individual needs but also confront societal injustices by advocating for policy reforms, funding allocations, and community-level support systems. Their involvement in public policy development and legislative processes allows them to bridge the gap between underserved populations and decision-making bodies, ensuring equitable access to resources and opportunities.

One notable area of advocacy is healthcare. Social workers often campaign for expanded mental health services, affordable care, and equitable treatment for vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children, and people with disabilities. They work in coalitions with other professionals to ensure that socio-economic barriers do not prevent individuals from receiving adequate healthcare.

In education, social workers advocate for policies that address overcrowded classrooms, bullying, and the lack of mental health support in schools. By emphasizing the importance of early intervention, they aim to improve outcomes for students facing adverse conditions.

Regarding housing and homelessness, social workers strive to promote tenant rights, affordable housing initiatives, and homelessness prevention programs. Through grassroots organizing and public education campaigns, they highlight the structural causes of homelessness, such as income inequality and gentrification, advocating for long-term solutions over temporary fixes.

Ultimately, advocacy in social work extends beyond immediate solutions to tackle systemic issues that perpetuate social inequities. By staying informed about legislation, forming alliances with community organizations, and using data-backed strategies, social workers amplify their impact, ensuring their efforts yield sustainable change on a larger scale. Additionally, understanding factors like a master's level social worker salary can help professionals plan their career paths effectively while continuing to make a meaningful difference in their communities.

How Does Accreditation Elevate Social Work Education?

Accreditation ensures that social work programs meet rigorous academic and professional standards, providing a verifiable measure of quality that supports licensure and ethical practice. It validates curriculum integrity, faculty expertise, and the availability of practical training opportunities essential for tackling real-world challenges. Furthermore, choosing an accredited pathway can facilitate smoother transitions into advanced roles and promote employer confidence in a graduate’s qualifications. For instance, students may consider an accelerated MSW program to rapidly acquire these high-standard credentials while balancing academic and professional commitments.

How does social work differ from psychology?

Social work and psychology pursue distinct yet sometimes overlapping objectives. Social work emphasizes community support, systemic advocacy, and the application of practical interventions to improve social conditions, while psychology primarily targets the understanding and treatment of individual mental and emotional processes. These disciplines differ in their methodologies: social workers integrate policy reform, resource coordination, and community-based strategies, whereas psychologists rely on research and therapeutic techniques to diagnose and address behavioral challenges. For a detailed comparison, please refer to the difference between psychology and social work guide.

What promising career opportunities can an MSW unlock?

Social work careers are rapidly evolving through increased interdisciplinary integration and targeted specialization. Graduates with a Master’s in Social Work can access advanced roles in clinical practice, community leadership, policy innovation, research, and consultancy. Emerging fields—including forensic social work, healthcare coordination, and international social services—demand both refined academic training and practical expertise. Review the jobs you can get with masters in social work to explore a spectrum of opportunities that align with today’s competitive professional landscape.

Can a career in social work be right for you?

Social workers play a vital role in advocating for and supporting individuals, families, and communities facing a wide range of challenges. If you're drawn to helping others and making a positive impact on society, a career in social work could be an incredibly rewarding path for you. There are many different specializations within social work, allowing you to focus on areas that align with your interests and skills. To learn more about the different paths you can take within social work, check out our guide on the cheapest online BSW programs.

Key Insights

• Evolutionary Basis of Prosociality: Human prosocial behavior, driven by a sense of equity, is argued to be hardwired and shared with other primates. This innate tendency forms the foundation of social work practices.
• Broad Scope of Social Work: Social work addresses a wide range of human needs, from individual and family support to societal issues such as youth development, aging, racial inequalities, and poverty.
• Commitment to Social Justice: Social work is fundamentally committed to promoting social justice and human rights, a principle that guides its practice and evolution.
• Redefining Social Work: The profession is continuously evolving, with recent redefinitions emphasizing inclusivity, cultural competence, and a broader theoretical foundation.
• Historical Roots: Social work originated in the late 19th century in response to social issues exacerbated by industrialization, with significant contributions from early charitable organizations and relief efforts.
• Theoretical Models: Social work practice is informed by various theories, including psychosocial development, psychodynamic theory, cognitive-behavioral theory, social learning theory, and systems theory.
• Ethical Framework: The NASW Code of Ethics outlines the profession's core values and ethical principles, emphasizing service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, the importance of human relationships, and the need for ongoing education and self-care.
• Impact on Society: Social workers have been instrumental in advancing civil rights, workers' rights, combating poverty, addressing child abuse, substance abuse, and mental illness.
• Challenges and Future Directions: The profession faces challenges such as burnout, the need for ongoing theoretical development, and the integration of interdisciplinary approaches to address complex social issues.

FAQ

1. What is social work?

Social work is the professional practice of helping individuals, families, groups, and communities cope with and overcome their daily struggles, promoting social change, and ensuring access to social justice and human rights.

2. What are the main goals of social work?

The main goals of social work are to promote social change, development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of people. It aims to address life challenges and enhance well-being through principles of social justice, human rights, collective responsibility, and respect for diversities.

3. What is the history of social work?

Social work began in the late 19th century as volunteer efforts to address social issues in Europe and North America. It became professionalized by 1930, with the first social work class held in 1898 at Columbia University. Early efforts included charitable organizations focusing on poverty, child welfare, and relief work during the Civil War.

4. What are the theoretical models used in social work?

Social work practice is informed by various theoretical models, including psychosocial development theory, psychodynamic theory, transpersonal theory, rational choice theory, cognitive-behavioral theory, social learning theory, and systems theory.

5. What are the levels of social work practice?

Social work practice operates on three levels: micro (individuals and families), mezzo (small to medium-sized groups like neighborhoods and schools), and macro (larger systems such as governments and social movements).

6. What is the NASW Code of Ethics?

The NASW Code of Ethics outlines the core values and ethical principles of social work, providing guidelines for professional conduct, decision-making, and accountability. It emphasizes service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, the importance of human relationships, and ongoing education and self-care.

7. How do social workers impact society?

Social workers have significantly contributed to advancing civil rights, workers' rights, combating poverty, addressing child abuse and neglect, substance abuse, and mental illness. They play a crucial role in improving the well-being of individuals, families, and communities.

8. What are the challenges faced by social workers?

Social workers face challenges such as burnout, heavy workloads, and the need for ongoing professional development. They also deal with the stress of working in demanding environments and the need for further theoretical and interdisciplinary integration in their practice.

9. How can one become a social worker?

To become a social worker, one typically needs to earn a social work degree (BSW or MSW) and obtain the necessary state licenses. Different types of licenses are available depending on the level of practice and state requirements, such as LBSW, LMSW, LMSW-AG, and LCSW.

10. What is the future direction of social work?

The future of social work involves greater interdisciplinarity, ongoing theoretical development, and addressing complex social issues with integrated approaches. Social work is evolving to incorporate diverse cultural perspectives and collective solutions to meet the needs of a changing society.

References:

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• International Federation of Social Workers. (2023). What is social work? IFSW.
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• National Association of Social Workers. (2023). Code of ethics. NASW.
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• Walden University. (2019, March 29). Six ways in which social workers have changed our world. Walden University.