LMSW vs. LCSW for 2025 – What’s the difference?

by Imed Bouchrika, Phd

Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist

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It’s likely you’ll hear the terms LMSW and LCSW as you learn about social work or seek help from a professional. Even though they share a professional license, their functions are very different.

Case management is the primary focus of LMSW vs LCSW, who typically provide diagnostic and therapeutic services to people with emotional, behavioral, and mental health problems. Nevertheless, both are essential to improving people’s lives and making a difference in society by tackling complex social issues and speaking up for the vulnerable (NASW, 2023b).

Our team of experts gathered the most recent details to help answer your questions: What is the difference between an LMSW and an LCSW, or the difference between MSW and LCSW? Knowing the differences between an LMSW and an LCSW can help you choose the right professional for your social work needs or advance your career, especially if you’re eyeing an online BSW degree. Let’s delve deeper into the differences between these two positions.

LMSW vs. LCSW Table of Contents

1. LMSW vs LCSW: Defined
2. LMSW and LCSW Educational Requirement
3. LMSW and LCSW Licensing Requirement
4. LMSW and LCSW Job Duties
5. LMSW and LCSW Ethical Standards
6. LMSW and LCSW Salary Range
7. LMSW and LCSW Job Outlook
8. LMSW and LCSW Job Satisfaction
9. LMSW and LCSW Career Advancement Opportunities
10. LMSW vs LCSW: Importance of Choosing the Right MSW Program

Despite a difference in practice—more case-management-centered for LMSW vs LCSW’s more clinical work—these two professions are influenced by the same trends. Technology, for one, has become increasingly prevalent, allowing individuals unable to visit a social service agency in person to still receive help, thus enhancing client services (Copson et al., 2022; Glennon & Muñoz-Najar, 2023; Pascoe, 2023). For instance, despite a $23.3 billion drop in funding in 2022, telehealth has remained useful to LCSWs in reaching remote clients. Still, ethical and appropriate use must be addressed despite 67% of patients being satisfied.

Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) has become central, especially for LCSWs. Brown et al., (2022) in their “Trauma-informed Care Interventions in Emergency Medicine: A Systematic Review," published in the Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, found that TIC is “critical in fostering patients’ physical and emotional safety." They noted that “the most important TIC element of this intervention was empowering the patient to discuss what they thought was best for their safety." This makes the role of both LCSW and LMSW important. They can guide patients in their journey to wellness.

Finally, LMSWs and LCSWs are placing greater emphasis on cultural competence to effectively serve diverse populations. They are striving to understand and respect clients’ cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and values to provide culturally responsive and inclusive care, thus promoting National Association of Social Workers (NASW) standards (NASW, 2023a).

LMSW vs LCSW: Defined

As mentioned, case management is central to LMSW vs LCSW’s focus on clinical work, including diagnostic and therapeutic services.

An LMSW (Licensed Master Social Worker) is a social worker who has both a master’s degree and a license to practice social work. As they gain experience, LMSWs provide various social work services, including case management, counseling, and advocacy, while working under supervision.

An LCSW (Licensed Clinical Social Worker) is a social worker who has both a master’s degree in social work and state licensure to practice clinical social work independently. Licensed clinical social workers (LCSWs) have extensive clinical training and can identify and treat mental health issues. Therapists work with individuals, families, and groups to help them deal with emotional and behavioral issues through psychotherapy, counseling, and other forms of therapeutic intervention.

Similarities and Differences of LMSW and LCSW

You may have noticed that LCSW and LMSW are two significant social work credentials. Although they share a common requirement for a license, their education, training, and areas of practice are quite different. They can also lead you to a different social worker career path. Here are the main points of comparison between LMSW and LCSW:

Similarities:

• LCSWs and LCSWs have proven their qualifications and commitment to ethical practice by earning their respective licenses.
• Both require a Master of Social Work (MSW) degree from an accredited university to be licensed.
• Professional organizations for social workers (PSWs) establish ethical principles and guidelines that LCSWs and LMSWs are expected to follow.

Differences:

• LCSWs focus more on clinical work (such as therapy and counseling) and have undergone more extensive clinical training than LMSWs.
• Typically reporting to a supervisor and having less autonomy in the clinical setting would be the LMSW vs LCSW, whose scope of practice includes the independent diagnosis and treatment of mental health conditions.
• When it comes to providing clinical services, an LCSW can work independently, while an LMSW must be supervised by an LCSW or another licensed professional.
• Private practice, clinical leadership roles, and specialized positions in mental health settings are just some of the more advanced career options available to LCSWs.

The following sections dive deeper into these differences and similarities.

LMSW and LCSW Educational Requirement

The education requirements for LMSW vs LCSW do not differ significantly, except for the required social work degree for the former. However, individuals who choose to be either of these two must complete a Master of Social Work (MSW). In the most recent Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) report, 75,851 students are enrolled in MSW, and the 283 MSW programs that provided data had an average of 168 students. However, becoming a social worker, either an LMSW or LCSW, would require more than just an MSW. Below are the requirements

What are the educational requirements for an LMSW?

• Bachelor’s Degree: Successfully graduating from an online BSW program recognized by the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE).
• Master’s Degree: Graduating from an MSW program recognized by the CSWE to ensure gaining sophisticated expertise and abilities in social work practice.

What are the educational requirements for an LCSW?

• Bachelor’s Degree: Completing a bachelor’s degree in any field. While a degree in social work may be beneficial, it is not always required.
• Master’s Degree: Successfully completing an MSW from a CSWE-accredited program to ensure gaining specialized training in clinical social work practice.

Remember that educational standards may vary by jurisdiction and additional study or work experience may be required. Social work hopefuls who want the most up-to-date information relevant to their area should contact licensing boards or professional associations in their area.

LMSW and LCSW Licensing Requirement

According to Zippia, the U.S. currently has 187,402 licensed social workers. Licensing requirements in LMSW vs LCSW do not differ so much as well. For both professions, an MSW is required to be eligible for licensing. Below are the specific requirements.

What are the licensing requirements for an LMSW?

• Education: Successfully graduating from a Council on Social Work Education (CSWE)-accredited master’s in social work (MSW) program.
• Supervised Experience: Successfully completing the required hours of supervised clinical or non-clinical practice set by the relevant licensing board.
• Examination: Passing the social work license exam administered by the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB), such as the ASWB Master’s level exam.

What are the licensing requirements for an LCSW?

• Education: Successfully graduating from a CSWE-accredited master of social work (MSW) program.
• Supervised Experience: Accumulating post-graduate clinical practice hours, usually under the direction of a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) or other licensed mental health professionals.
• Examination: Having passed the ASWB Clinical level exam, which measures clinical expertise and knowledge.

These are minimum standards; please check with your state or local licensing board for more specific information and any additional requirements. Remember also that for both LMSW and LCSW, completion of continuing education courses is required to maintain a license and stay current in the field. The number of hours required varies by state.

LMSW and LCSW Job Duties

Both LMSWs and LCSWs do social work, however, these two types of social workers specialize in different areas. While both positions are concerned with helping people and communities, LCSWs are licensed to diagnose mental health conditions and participate in more targeted and extensive therapeutic interventions. Below is a further comparison of these two professionals’ duties.

What are the job duties of an LMSW?

• Conducting assessments: Assess the social, emotional, and psychological needs of individuals, families, or groups to develop appropriate treatment plans.
• Providing counseling and therapy: Offer counseling services to clients, helping them address and manage various mental health issues, emotional challenges, or behavioral problems.
• Case management: Coordinate and manage the overall care and services provided to clients, including collaborating with other professionals and agencies involved in their treatment.
• Advocacy: Advocate for their client’s rights and access to resources, working to ensure their well-being and improve their quality of life.
• Crisis intervention: Respond to crises and emergencies, providing immediate support and assistance to distressed individuals or groups.
• Social work research: May engage in research activities, contributing to the development of knowledge and best practices in the field of social work.
• Collaboration and teamwork: Collaborate with colleagues, professionals from other disciplines, and community organizations to coordinate services and support clients effectively.

What are the job duties of an LCSW?

• Psychotherapy: Provide clinical counseling and psychotherapy services to individuals, couples, families, or groups, addressing various mental health issues and helping clients achieve emotional well-being.
• Clinical assessment and diagnosis: Conduct thorough assessments to evaluate clients’ mental health conditions, make diagnoses when appropriate, and develop treatment plans.
• Treatment planning: Develop comprehensive treatment plans that outline therapeutic goals, interventions, and strategies tailored to the unique needs of each client.
• Crisis intervention: Intervene in crisis situations, providing immediate support, assessing risks, and implementing appropriate interventions to ensure safety.
• Clinical supervision: Provide clinical supervision to social workers and other mental health professionals, offering guidance, feedback, and support for their professional development.
• Advocacy and community outreach: Advocate for clients’ rights, access to resources, and social justice issues. They may also engage in community outreach programs to promote mental health awareness and education.
• Collaboration and interdisciplinary work: Collaborate with other healthcare professionals, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, and nurses, to coordinate care, develop treatment plans, and provide holistic support to clients.

LMSW and LCSW Ethical Standards

Both LMSWs and LCSWs must adhere to strict ethical standards to ensure the safety, dignity, and respect of their clients. Here are key components of ethical practice for each role:

• Confidentiality: Maintaining client confidentiality is paramount. LMSWs and LCSWs must securely handle client information and disclose it only when legally or ethically required.
• Informed Consent: Before beginning services, both LMSWs and LCSWs provide clients with clear, comprehensive information about their rights, the nature of the services, and any associated risks.
• Cultural Competence: Ethical practice includes a commitment to understanding and respecting the cultural and social backgrounds of clients to provide inclusive, respectful care.
• Dual Relationships: LMSWs and LCSWs must avoid conflicts of interest, refraining from relationships that could impair professional judgment or exploit clients.
• Ongoing Education: Ethical standards require social workers to continually update their knowledge and skills, staying informed about best practices and changes in social work ethics.

Ethics play a crucial role in establishing trust and protecting the welfare of clients, making them central to the work of both LMSWs and LCSWs.

LMSW and LCSW Salary Range

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual wage for social workers is $50,390 (BLS, 2022). Nevertheless, the salary of LMSW vs LCSW may vary based on experience, location, and work setting. But in general, what is the salary range for an LMSW? And what is the salary range for an LCSW?

Zippia reports that the median annual salary for licensed social workers is $57,005, and $63,056 yearly, specifically for clinical social workers. It’s reasonable to assume that LCSWs can command a higher salary due to the advanced clinical education they receive. Glassdoor provides additional insights into the salary, with $78,999 for LMSW vs LCSW’s $82,096.

The salaries of other related jobs are quite close. Criminology degree jobs, for one, have an average annual salary of $60,579. A licensed professional counselor salary, on the other hand, is $89,711 on average yearly.

These are just estimates, and the actual results may vary depending on a number of factors, including the local job market, years of experience, additional certifications, and the employer or work setting. If you want the most up-to-date info possible about wages and employment opportunities in a given region, it’s best to look at resources that are actually there.

LMSW and LCSW Job Outlook

What is the job outlook for LMSWs? What is the job outlook for LCSWs? Although the job outlook for LMSW vs LCSW may be difficult to pinpoint specifically due to a lack of data, the outlook for social workers, in general, is positive at 9% from 2021 to 2031 (BLS, 2022). To get a better picture, note that as of 2001, the U.S. has 708,000 social workers (NASW, 2021).

Similar to the BLS report, Zippia records show an 11% job growth until 2028 for social workers, including both LMSWs and LCSWs. Currently, the platform has 77,340 job openings for social workers, 66,130 for licensed social workers, and 124,816 for clinical social workers in the United States.

The future of employment varies not only by region but also by field of study and sector of the economy. Employment opportunities in the social work field may be especially promising for those who have specialized education or experience in healthcare, mental health, or substance abuse.

LMSW and LCSW Job Satisfaction

When considering a career in social work, it is essential to understand the job satisfaction and career growth prospects for both LMSWs and LCSWs. While both roles contribute significantly to the well-being of individuals and communities, there are distinct differences in their professional satisfaction and opportunities for growth.

Job Satisfaction Factors for LMSWs:

• Variety of Work Settings: LMSWs often work in diverse environments, such as schools, hospitals, and social service agencies, which provides variety in their daily tasks.
• Case Management Focus: Many LMSWs find fulfillment in helping individuals navigate complex systems to access services, improving clients' lives.
• Supervision: Since LMSWs work under supervision, they may have less autonomy in decision-making, which can impact job satisfaction for some.
• Work-Life Balance: LMSWs may find a better work-life balance, especially when working in non-clinical settings.

Job Satisfaction Factors for LCSWs:

• Higher Autonomy: LCSWs can provide therapy and counseling independently, which can be highly satisfying for those who want to work directly with clients in a therapeutic capacity.
• Clinical Impact: LCSWs' ability to diagnose and treat mental health conditions often leads to higher job satisfaction, as they can see the direct impact of their work.
• Greater Earning Potential: Due to the advanced clinical skills required for LCSWs, they often have higher earning potential, making this a rewarding career in compensation.
• Career Advancement: LCSWs have more opportunities for specialization and career advancement, including private practice or roles in leadership and management within mental health facilities.

Suppose you're just starting in social work and want to gain a foundational degree. In that case, online BSW programs are a great option. For those looking for an affordable route into this field, the cheapest online BSW programs offer flexibility and convenience while preparing you for the next steps in your career.

LMSW and LCSW Career Advancement Opportunities

Both LMSWs and LCSWs have opportunities for career growth, but the paths diverge due to the differences in their roles and responsibilities. Here’s a look at how each path can evolve:

LMSW Career Advancement

• Supervisory Roles: LMSWs may progress into supervisory positions, overseeing other social workers and case management teams. With experience, they could manage larger cases or supervise interns and new graduates.
• Specialization: LMSWs can pursue further certifications to specialize in specific areas such as school social work, healthcare, or child welfare. Specialized certifications could lead to advanced positions within these sectors.
• Non-Profit Leadership: Many LMSWs move into executive or leadership positions within non-profit organizations, coordinating programs, fundraising, and community outreach efforts.
• Consulting: Experienced LMSWs can transition into consulting roles, advising organizations or government agencies on best practices in social work and program development.

LCSW Career Advancement

• Private Practice: LCSWs, with their clinical expertise, can open private practices, providing therapy and counseling independently. This offers autonomy and potentially higher income.
• Clinical Supervision: As seasoned professionals, LCSWs can take on roles as clinical supervisors, training and mentoring LMSWs or other mental health professionals.
• Academic Roles: LCSWs may also transition into teaching positions at universities, offering their expertise in clinical social work to future professionals.
• Policy and Advocacy: Due to their clinical experience, LCSWs can work in policy advocacy, influencing mental health care systems or social work regulations on a local, state, or national level.

Career advancement is often tied to continuing education, experience, and networking. Those interested in more affordable routes into social work may find that the cheapest MSW programs online provide flexibility to balance work and further academic pursuits.

LMSW vs LCSW: Importance of Choosing the Right MSW Program

Selecting the right Master of Social Work (MSW) program is a pivotal decision for those aspiring to become either an LMSW or an LCSW. The program you choose not only shapes your foundational knowledge but also impacts your career trajectory and potential areas of specialization. For instance, those considering a clinical path toward LCSW certification often benefit from MSW programs that emphasize clinical courses, as these programs meet state-mandated licensure requirements more comprehensively. Similarly, future LMSWs thrive in MSW programs with a robust focus on casework management, community engagement, and policy advocacy.

Flexibility is another key factor when choosing an MSW program. Accelerated social work masters programs offer an excellent option for those eager to fast-track their careers without compromising quality. These programs cater to busy professionals and students who need to balance personal or work commitments while advancing their education. To explore some of the top options available, consider reviewing this resource on accelerated social work masters programs.

Ultimately, aligning your program selection with your professional goals and the licensure requirements in your state ensures you are fully prepared to succeed as either an LMSW or LCSW. Investing time in researching program outcomes, alumni success stories, and accreditation can further enhance your ability to make an informed decision that supports your future in social work.

What Advantages Does a Doctorate in Social Work Offer?

A doctorate in social work equips professionals with enhanced research skills, leadership acumen, and strategic insight into complex social systems, offering a pathway to higher-level administrative roles and contributions to academic and policy advancements. This advanced degree refines critical thinking and fosters expertise in evidence-based practices without replicating the core competencies covered in MSW programs. For those exploring cost-effective options, evaluate the cheapest CSWE accredited DSW programs online to find programs that align with your long-term career objectives.

What Impact Does an Advanced Standing MSW Have on Career Opportunities?

Advanced standing MSW programs offer an expedited route to acquiring comprehensive social work skills by leveraging prior academic credentials. These programs reduce redundant coursework, thereby accelerating the transition from student to professional. Graduates benefit from a focused curriculum that enhances practical competencies and may be viewed favorably by employers seeking candidates who demonstrate both initiative and readiness for advanced clinical or case management roles. For additional details on these programs, please review advanced standing MSW.

What is a human services degree good for?

A human services degree offers an interdisciplinary framework that expands career horizons beyond traditional social work. This pathway integrates core principles from psychology, sociology, and public health, equipping graduates with a versatile skill set for community outreach, policy development, and program administration. Professionals may benefit from a broader perspective that emphasizes preventive strategies and innovative interventions to address complex societal challenges. For additional insights, review our guide What is a human services degree good for? to explore how this degree complements specialized social work credentials.

What Are the Long-Term Career Implications of Pursuing a Degree in Social Work?

When considering a career in social work, it's essential to think about the long-term implications of pursuing a degree in this field. To answer this question, it's crucial to evaluate whether is social work a good major and understand the career paths and opportunities available to LMSWs and LCSWs. By doing so, individuals can make informed decisions about their educational and professional pursuits, ultimately leading to a fulfilling career in social work.

How Do Social Workers Differ from Psychologists?

In-depth understanding of professional roles can guide career decisions. Social workers concentrate on connecting individuals and communities with practical resources and long-term support systems, while psychologists are trained to conduct specialized psychological assessments and research-based interventions. This distinction impacts service delivery models, certification processes, and collaborative practices across mental health disciplines. For a comprehensive overview, please refer to our article about a social worker vs psychologist discussion.

How Does Geographic Location Affect Social Work Opportunities?

Geographic differences can significantly influence licensure requirements, career resources, and compensation structures for social workers. In some states, variances in demand and regulatory processes affect both credentialing speed and scope of practice, which in turn can impact professional growth. Evaluating regional pay trends—detailed in the LCSW salary by state guide—provides valuable insights into how location may affect earnings and career trajectory. Additionally, state-specific policies may dictate continuing education mandates and specialization opportunities, thereby shaping overall practice environments.

What Additional Certifications Can Enhance a Social Work Career?

Pursuing specialized certifications and targeted training opportunities can provide a competitive edge in today’s dynamic social work environment. Professional designations in areas such as trauma-informed care, substance abuse intervention, or clinical supervision offer advanced competencies that complement a Master of Social Work degree. These credentials not only deepen practical expertise but also signal commitment to ongoing professional development, potentially leading to higher-level clinical roles and expanded practice privileges. For detailed insights on career opportunities following an MSW, explore our guide What can I do with a MSW?

LMSW vs LCSW: Which is the better choice?

Those seeking entry-level positions and who want to focus on providing general social work services are ideal for LMSW vs LCSW, which is a better fit for those interested in advanced clinical practice, therapy, and diagnosing mental health disorders. In essence, the choice between becoming an LMSW or LCSW depends on one’s professional goals and aspirations.

As for individuals seeking help, assess your needs to choose the right social worker for your well-being and personal growth. Remember that LMSWs offer general support and community resources, while LCSWs provide specialized therapy and clinical interventions.

Ultimately, understanding the difference between LMSW and LCSW helps you make informed decisions whether you’re seeking help or deciding on a career path. If you have a selfless nature and a desire to aid others but are looking for a path other than social work, consider forensic psychology degree programs, which address the intersection of mental health and the criminal justice system, expanding your career opportunities in forensic settings.

Key Insights

• Professional Focus: LMSWs primarily focus on case management and providing general social work services, while LCSWs provide clinical services, including diagnosis and therapeutic interventions.
• Educational Requirements: Both LMSWs and LCSWs require a Master of Social Work (MSW) degree from an accredited program, but LCSWs must also complete additional clinical training and supervised practice hours.
• Licensing Requirements: LMSWs and LCSWs must pass the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB) exam relevant to their practice level. LCSWs also need to accumulate post-graduate clinical practice hours under supervision.
• Job Duties: LMSWs conduct assessments, provide counseling, manage cases, and advocate for clients. LCSWs offer psychotherapy, clinical assessments, crisis intervention, and clinical supervision.
• Salary Outlook: LCSWs generally command higher salaries than LMSWs due to their advanced clinical training. The median annual salary for LCSWs is higher than that of LMSWs, reflecting their specialized skills and responsibilities.
• Job Outlook: Both LMSWs and LCSWs have a positive job outlook, with employment growth projected at 9% from 2021 to 2031. The demand is driven by the need for social work services in healthcare, mental health, and substance abuse sectors.
• Technological Impact: The rise of telehealth has enhanced the ability of LCSWs to reach remote clients, though ethical and appropriate use of technology remains a challenge.
• Trauma-Informed Care: Both LMSWs and LCSWs are increasingly focusing on Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) to foster physical and emotional safety for patients.
• Cultural Competence: There is a growing emphasis on cultural competence among LMSWs and LCSWs to provide inclusive and culturally responsive care to diverse populations.

FAQ

1. What is the primary difference between an LMSW and an LCSW? The primary difference is in their scope of practice. LMSWs focus on case management and general social work services, while LCSWs provide clinical services, including diagnosing and treating mental health conditions through therapy and counseling.
2. What are the educational requirements for becoming an LMSW? To become an LMSW, you need to complete a Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) and a Master of Social Work (MSW) degree from an accredited program.
3. What additional education and training are required to become an LCSW? In addition to earning an MSW, aspiring LCSWs must complete post-graduate clinical practice hours under supervision and pass the clinical-level ASWB exam.
4. Can LMSWs provide therapy and counseling services? Yes, LMSWs can provide counseling services, but they typically work under supervision and do not have the same level of autonomy in clinical practice as LCSWs.
5. What are the licensing requirements for an LCSW? LCSWs must pass the clinical-level ASWB exam and complete the required hours of supervised clinical practice. They must also maintain their license through continuing education.
6. How does the salary of an LMSW compare to that of an LCSW? LCSWs generally earn higher salaries than LMSWs due to their advanced clinical training and ability to provide specialized therapeutic services. The median annual salary for LCSWs is typically higher than that for LMSWs.
7. What job opportunities are available for LMSWs and LCSWs? LMSWs can work in various settings, including social service agencies, hospitals, and schools, focusing on case management and general social work. LCSWs have broader opportunities in clinical settings, private practice, mental health facilities, and specialized roles requiring advanced clinical skills.
8. How does technology impact the practice of LMSWs and LCSWs? Technology, particularly telehealth, has enabled LCSWs to reach remote clients and provide services more efficiently. However, ensuring ethical and appropriate use of technology remains a key consideration.
9. What is Trauma-Informed Care, and why is it important for social workers? Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) involves understanding and addressing the impact of trauma on individuals. It is important for social workers because it helps foster physical and emotional safety, empowering patients to discuss and address their needs effectively.
10. Why is cultural competence important in social work practice? Cultural competence is crucial for providing inclusive and responsive care. It involves understanding and respecting clients' cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and values, which helps social workers effectively support and advocate for diverse populations.

References:

• BLS. (2022, September 8). Social Workers: Occupational Outlook Handbook: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
• Brown, T., Ashworth, H., Bass, M., Rittenberg, E., Levy-Carrick, N., Grossman, S., Lewis-O’Connor, A., & Stoklosa, H. (2022). Trauma-informed Care Interventions in Emergency Medicine: A Systematic Review. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 23(3), 334344.
• Copson, R., Murphy, A. M., Cook, L., Neil, E., & Sorensen, P. (2022). Relationship-based practice and digital technology in child and family social work: Learning from practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Developmental Child Welfare, 4(1), 319.
• Glennon, A. S., & Muñoz-Najar, J. (2023, January 16). Feel Lost in the Changing Landscape of Technology Skills for Social Workers? Let’s Map Them Out Together! SocialWorker.Com.
• NASW. (2021). Facts.
• NASW. (2023a). NASW Standards for Social Work Practice with Clients with Substance Use Disorders.
• NASW. (2023b). National Social Work Public Opinion Survey.
• Pascoe, K. M. (2023). Considerations for integrating technology into social work practice: A content analysis of nine professional social work associations’ Codes of Ethics. International Social Work, 66(2), 298312.