2024 Most Valuable Engineering Degree Programs Ranking in Illinois

What can I expect from a Engineering degree in Illinois?

Pursuing an engineering degree in Illinois offers a comprehensive educational experience that prepares students for a dynamic career in the engineering sector. Students can expect the following key elements from their programs:

• Challenging Coursework: Graduates often recount the intensity of their studies, emphasizing the rigorous curriculum that demands a strong foundation in mathematics and science. For instance, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, students frequently mention the complexity of courses like Thermodynamics and Structural Analysis, which sharpen their analytical and problem-solving skills. This academic rigor is essential for tackling real-world engineering challenges.
• Practical Learning Opportunities: Many engineering programs in Illinois prioritize hands-on experiences. Graduates from Illinois Institute of Technology often share how their participation in collaborative projects and internships allowed them to apply theoretical knowledge in practical settings. One graduate described a summer internship with a local engineering firm, where they worked on a team project that involved designing a sustainable energy solution, bridging the gap between classroom learning and industry application.
• Variety of Specializations: Illinois universities offer a diverse array of engineering disciplines. Graduates from Northwestern University often reflect on the ability to tailor their education to specific interests, such as biomedical or environmental engineering. This flexibility enables students to align their studies with their career aspirations, preparing them for various industries.
• Strong Job Market: The engineering field in Illinois is thriving, with projections indicating nearly 140,000 new positions in the coming years. Graduates frequently express optimism about their job prospects, noting that companies in technology, construction, and manufacturing are actively seeking skilled engineers. This robust jobmarket enhances the appeal of pursuing an engineering degree in the state.
• Competitive Salaries: Graduates consistently highlight the attractive earning potential associated with engineering careers. With a median annual salary around $91,010, many students feel reassured about their financial future. One graduate shared their excitement about receiving multiple job offers with competitive salaries, reflecting the high demand for engineering professionals.
• Preparation for Professional Licensure: Many graduates aspire to become licensed Professional Engineers (PE). They often discuss the importance of passing the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam and gaining relevant work experience, which significantly enhances their career opportunities. This pathway is frequently viewed as a crucial step in establishing professional credibility and advancing in their careers.

In summary, an engineering degree in Illinois equips students with essential skills, knowledge, and experiences, fostering a sense of readiness and confidence as they enter a competitive job market.

Where can I work with a Engineering degree?

Graduates with an engineering degree in Illinois can anticipate a diverse array of career opportunities across multiple sectors, reflecting the robust demand for engineering skills in the job market. Many graduates from renowned institutions such as the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Northwestern University have shared their experiences, illustrating the breadth of roles available to them.

• Civil Engineering: Graduates often find themselves involved in significant infrastructure projects, such as the ongoing development of Chicago's transit systems. One graduate recounted their role in designing sustainable urban spaces, contributing to the city’s efforts to enhance public transportation.
• Electrical and Computer Engineering: With the tech industry booming in Illinois, particularly in the Chicago area, many graduates have secured positions in telecommunications and renewable energy. A graduate noted their excitement in working on innovative projects that integrate smart technology into everyday life, such as energy-efficient buildings.
• Aerospace Engineering: Illinois is home to several aerospace firms, and graduates frequently engage in designing aircraft and spacecraft. One graduate shared their experience working with a leading aerospace manufacturer, contributing to cutting-edge research that pushes the boundaries of aviation technology.
• Biomedical Engineering: The healthcare sector in Illinois offers numerous opportunities for engineering graduates. A graduate described their rewarding experience developing medical devices that improve patient outcomes, highlighting the intersection of engineering and healthcare.
• Quality Management: Many engineering graduates transition into quality management roles, ensuring products meet stringent industry standards. One graduate emphasized the importance of attention to detail in their role at a manufacturing firm, where they help maintain high-quality production processes.

-Technical Writing: Graduates often leverage their technical expertise to create documentation for various industries. A graduate recounted their journey into technical writing, where they enjoy translating complex engineering concepts into accessible language for end-users.

• Environmental Engineering: With a growing focus on sustainability, graduates are increasingly involved in projects aimed at pollution control and resource conservation. One graduate expressed pride in working on initiatives that promote environmental stewardship within local communities.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects a steady growth of 4% in engineering occupations, underscoring the ongoing demand for skilled professionals. In Illinois, the combination of a strong educational foundation and a vibrant job market positions engineering graduates for successful and fulfilling careers.

How much can I make with a Engineering degree in Illinois?

Graduates with an Engineering degree in Illinois can expect competitive salaries across various specializations. For instance, Mechanical Engineers earn a mean annual wage of approximately $100,820, translating to an hourly wage of about $48.47. This aligns with the experiences shared by graduates from renowned institutions like the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where many students have reported securing internships that lead to lucrative job offers upon graduation.

Electrical Engineers, on the other hand, command even higher salaries, with a mean annual wage of $114,050 and an hourly wage of $54.83. Graduates from Illinois Institute of Technology often recount how their hands-on projects and industry connections helped them land positions in top tech firms, reflecting the high earning potential in this field.

Civil Engineers, while earning slightly less, still enjoy a respectable mean annual wage of $97,380, or $46.82 per hour. Students from Northern Illinois University frequently share stories of engaging in community projects that not only enhance their learning but also bolster their resumes, making them attractive candidates in the job market.

Industrial Engineers earn a mean annual wage of $98,560, which breaks down to an hourly wage of $47.39. Graduates from Bradley University often highlight the importance of their coursework in operations management and systems engineering, which equips them with the skills needed to thrive in various industries.

In summary, the financial prospects for Engineering graduates in Illinois are promising, with salaries reflecting the demand for skilled professionals in the field. The combination of rigorous academic training and practical experience gained through internships and projects positions these graduates favorably in the job market, allowing them to achieve their career aspirations while enjoying a comfortable standard of living.

How long does it take to complete a Engineering degree in Illinois?

Completing an engineering degree in Illinois typically takes varying lengths of time depending on the level of the degree pursued. For an associate degree in engineering technology, students can expect to invest approximately two years of full-time study. This program often serves as a stepping stone for those looking to enter the workforce quickly or to transfer to a four-year institution. Graduates from community colleges, such as those in the City Colleges of Chicago system, often find themselves well-prepared for entry-level positions in fields like civil or mechanical engineering.

In contrast, a bachelor's degree in engineering generally requires four years of full-time study. Illinois is home to several prestigious institutions, such as the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Northwestern University, where students engage in rigorous coursework and hands-on projects. Graduates from these programs often highlight the collaborative environment and the extensive resources available, which enhance their learning experience. For instance, students frequently participate in internships and co-op programs, which not only enrich their education but also provide valuable industry connections.

For those pursuing advanced studies, a master's degree in engineering typically takes an additional one to two years. Many universities in Illinois, including Illinois Institute of Technology, offer flexible programs that cater to working professionals. Graduates from these master's programs often report significant career advancement opportunities, with many securing positions in research and development or leadership roles within their organizations.

Key points to consider:

• Associate Degree: 2 years; ideal for quick entry into the workforce.
• Bachelor's Degree: 4 years; emphasizes hands-on experience and internships.
• Master's Degree: 1-2 years; often leads to advanced career opportunities.

Overall, the duration of engineering programs inIllinois is structured to accommodate various career goals, ensuring that students can find a path that aligns with their aspirations.

Internships and Cooperative Education Opportunities

Illinois engineering programs emphasize real-world experience through robust internship and cooperative education (co-op) opportunities that bridge classroom theory with industry practice. Many institutions, including the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Illinois Institute of Technology, maintain partnerships with leading companies in sectors such as automotive, aerospace, and renewable energy, ensuring students gain hands-on exposure to current technologies and workflows. Co-op programs typically span multiple semesters, allowing students to alternate between on-campus coursework and full-time positions within engineering firms. Participants often report accelerated career progression, as extended work placements foster deep skill development and professional networking. For example, mechanical engineering students have collaborated on engine optimization projects at major automotive plants, while civil engineering majors have contributed to urban infrastructure upgrades alongside municipal agencies. Internships, usually lasting one summer term, provide flexible entry points into professional environments. Students in electrical and computer engineering frequently join tech startups in Chicago’s burgeoning innovation hubs, working on projects that range from smart grid systems to IoT device prototyping. These shorter engagements complement academic projects and often lead to full-time job offers, underscoring the strategic value of early industry engagement. Prospective engineers should research each school’s co-op and internship placement rates, available stipends, and mentorship structures. Understanding the requirements to become a software engineer can further guide students on how to position themselves competitively for software-focused internships. By integrating experiential learning with rigorous academics, Illinois engineering programs equip graduates with the practical experience and professional networks essential for a smooth transition into the workforce.

What’s the difference between online and on-campus Engineering degree?

The distinction between online and on-campus engineering degrees in Illinois is significant, impacting both the educational experience and career outcomes for students. On-campus programs, such as those offered at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, provide immersive learning environments where students engage directly with faculty and peers. This face-to-face interaction fosters collaboration and networking opportunities, essential for future engineering careers. In contrast, online programs, like those from Illinois Institute of Technology, offer flexibility that appeals to working professionals or those with personal commitments, allowing them to balance education with other responsibilities.

Key differences include:

• Learning Environment: On-campus students benefit from hands-on labs and workshops, crucial for disciplines like mechanical or civil engineering. Graduates often cite the value of real-time feedback from professors and the ability to work on group projects in person, enhancing teamwork skills.
• Flexibility: Online programs cater to diverse schedules, enabling students to access coursework anytime, anywhere. This format is particularly advantageous for those who may be employed or have family obligations, as it allows them to tailor their education to fit their lifestyle.
• Networking Opportunities: On-campus students typically have greater access to career fairs, internships, and alumni networks. For instance, graduates from on-campus programs often report securing internships through university-hosted events, which can lead to job offers post-graduation.
• Cost Considerations: While tuition rates may be similar, online programs can save students on commuting and housing costs. However, on-campus students may benefit from scholarships and financial aid specific to their institution.

In Illinois, the choice between online and on-campus engineering degrees ultimately hinges on individual circumstances and careeraspirations. Graduates from both formats have successfully entered the workforce, but their experiences and the skills they acquire may differ significantly based on their chosen mode of study.

Campus Life and Student Support at Illinois Engineering Schools

Illinois engineering programs not only provide rigorous academic training but also foster a vibrant campus culture that enhances student success. Prospective students will benefit from state-of-the-art facilities, active engineering clubs, and robust mentorship programs that help bridge the gap between classroom learning and professional development. Many universities in Illinois offer dedicated career services centers that host networking events, hackathons, and industry-specific seminars, ensuring that every student is well-equipped for the challenges of the modern engineering world. Furthermore, supportive student services—including mental health resources, tutoring centers, and diversity initiatives—create an inclusive environment where all engineering students can thrive both academically and personally. For those looking to balance affordability with quality education, exploring the cheapest engineering school in illinois might provide additional insights into programs that successfully combine excellent campus life with comprehensive student support. This balanced approach not only enhances the overall college experience but also lays a strong foundation for future career achievements.

What is the average cost of a Engineering degree in Illinois?

The average cost of obtaining an engineering degree in Illinois can vary significantly based on several factors, including the type of institution (public vs. private), residency status, and the specific engineering discipline chosen. While precise median costs are not available, prospective students can anticipate a range of expenses that typically encompass tuition, fees, and living costs. Understanding the average cost of engineering degree in Illinois is crucial for planning.

For in-state students attending public universities, such as the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign or Illinois Institute of Technology, tuition rates are generally more favorable compared to out-of-state students. In-state tuition can range from approximately $15,000 to $20,000 per year, while out-of-state tuition may exceed $30,000 annually. Additionally, students should consider the following costs:

• Fees: Engineering programs often have additional fees for lab materials, technology, and student services, which can add another $1,000 to $2,000 annually.
• Living Expenses: Depending on the city, living costs can vary widely. Students in urban areas like Chicago may face higher rent, with monthly expenses averaging $1,200 to $1,800 for housing.
• Books and Supplies: Engineering textbooks and materials can be costly, often totaling $1,000 or more per year.

Graduates from Illinois engineering programs frequently share their experiences regarding the value of their education. Many highlight the rigorous curriculum and hands-on learning opportunities that prepare them for successful careers in fields such as civil, mechanical, and electrical engineering. For instance, students often engage in collaborative projects, internships, and co-op programs that not only enhance their learning but also provide invaluable industry connections.

Moreover, the return on investment for an engineering degree in Illinois is typically strong, with many graduates securing well-payingpositions shortly after graduation. The demand for engineers in various sectors, including technology, manufacturing, and infrastructure, continues to grow, making this educational path a promising choice for aspiring professionals. As students consider their options, they may also explore other fields, such as data analytics, by checking out the best online data analytics degrees.

In summary, understanding the tuition fees for engineering programs in Illinois and the associated costs can help prospective students make informed decisions about their education and future careers.

Return on Investment: Payback Period for Engineering Degrees in Illinois

Graduates pursuing an engineering degree in Illinois typically incur an average student debt of $35,000–$45,000 upon graduation, but also command starting salaries between $70,000 and $85,000. This translates to a median payback period of approximately 4–6 years when accounting for typical loan interest rates and entry-level compensation growth. Factors influencing ROI include the institution’s tuition, graduate employment rates, and salary escalation in high-demand specializations such as Electrical and Software Engineering. By strategically selecting schools with lower net costs and strong industry partnerships, students can accelerate debt repayment and increase lifetime earnings. For instance, graduates from universities offering robust co-op programs often secure full-time offers before graduation, effectively reducing the payback period by one to two years. In addition, leveraging scholarships and state grants—such as the Monetary Award Program (MAP)—can further improve ROI metrics. For students comparing tuition-to-salary ratios across states, our Most Affordable Engineering Degree Programs Ranking in South Carolina provides a useful benchmark. Understanding how Illinois programs stack up against affordable out-of-state alternatives empowers prospective engineers to make data-driven decisions that optimize both educational quality and financial outcomes.

What financial aid is available to Engineering degree students in Illinois?

In Illinois, the landscape of financial aid for engineering degree students is robust, with approximately 96% of these students receiving some form of financial assistance. This high percentage underscores the state's dedication to fostering talent in a field critical to technological advancement and economic growth. Various financial aid options are available, ensuring that aspiring engineers can pursue their education without overwhelming financial burdens.

• State Financial Aid Programs: Illinois administers several state-funded programs, such as the Monetary Award Program (MAP), which provides grants to undergraduate students based on financial need. Graduates have shared how MAP significantly alleviated their tuition costs, allowing them to focus on their studies rather than part-time jobs. The Illinois Veteran Grant (IVG) also supports veterans, while the iGROW Tech Scholarship targets tech students, reflecting a tailored approach to meet diverse needs.
• Federal Financial Aid: Federal programs further enhance accessibility. The Federal Pell Grant, awarded based on need, has been a lifeline for many students. One graduate recounted how receiving this grant allowed them to reduce their student loan dependency, enabling them to graduate with less debt. Additionally, the Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (SEOG) is available for those with exceptional financial need, while federal work-study programs provide opportunities to earn while learning.
• University-Specific Scholarships: Institutions like the University of Illinois Chicago (UIC) and the Grainger College of Engineering offer specialized scholarships. UIC’s scholarships require students to maintain a GPA of at least 3.0, motivating many to excel academically. A graduate from UIC noted that the scholarship not only eased financial stress but also fostered a sense of community among recipients. The Grainger College provides various departmental scholarships, which have beeninstrumental for continuing students, allowing them to engage in research and internships.
• External Scholarships: Numerous organizations, such as the Chicago Engineers Foundation, offer scholarships specifically for engineering students. Graduates have expressed gratitude for these opportunities, highlighting how scholarships from the American Society of Civil Engineers helped them cover essential expenses, making their educational journey more manageable.

These financial aid avenues collectively enhance the accessibility of engineering education in Illinois, empowering students to pursue their aspirations with confidence and support.

What are the prerequisites For enrolling in a Engineering program in Illinois?

To enroll in an engineering program in Illinois, prospective students must navigate a series of prerequisites that vary by institution but generally include a strong foundation in mathematics and science. Most engineering programs require applicants to have completed high school coursework in subjects such as:

• Calculus: A solid understanding of calculus is essential, as it forms the basis for many engineering principles.
• Physics: Knowledge of physics is crucial for grasping concepts related to mechanics, thermodynamics, and electrical systems.
• Chemistry: For certain engineering disciplines, particularly chemical and environmental engineering, a background in chemistry is necessary.

In addition to coursework, many universities in Illinois, such as the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Northwestern University, require standardized test scores, typically the SAT or ACT. For instance, the University of Illinois has an average ACT score range of 29-34 for admitted engineering students, reflecting the competitive nature of these programs.

Graduates from various institutions have shared their enrollment experiences, highlighting the importance of preparation. One graduate recounted how their high school calculus class not only prepared them for the rigorous coursework at a prominent Illinois engineering school but also instilled a sense of confidence. Another graduate emphasized the value of participating in STEM-related extracurricular activities, which not only bolstered their application but also provided practical experience that proved beneficial during their studies.

Moreover, many programs encourage prospective students to engage in pre-college engineering programs or summer camps, which can enhance their understanding and readiness. For example, a graduate noted that attending a summer engineering camp at a local university helped them solidify their interest in mechanical engineering and provided insights into the applicationprocess.

Overall, the prerequisites for enrolling in engineering programs in Illinois are designed to ensure that students are well-prepared for the challenges ahead, fostering a sense of accomplishment and readiness as they embark on their academic journeys.

What types of specializations are available in a Engineering program in Illinois?

Engineering degree programs in Illinois provide a robust array of specializations, allowing students to align their academic pursuits with their career aspirations. The following specializations are particularly notable:

• Electrical Engineering: Graduates often express excitement about working on cutting-edge technologies, such as renewable energy systems. One graduate recounted their experience designing a solar panel system that significantly reduced energy costs for a local community.
• Chemical Engineering: This field attracts students interested in sustainability and innovation. A graduate shared their involvement in a project that developed biodegradable plastics, highlighting the real-world impact of their studies on environmental conservation.
• Civil Engineering: Students in this specialization frequently engage in hands-on projects, such as designing a bridge for a local municipality. One graduate noted the satisfaction of seeing their design come to life, contributing to community infrastructure.
• Mechanical Engineering: This broad discipline allows for diverse interests, from robotics to thermodynamics. A graduate reflected on their internship at an automotive company, where they helped optimize engine performance, illustrating the practical applications of their coursework.
• Computer Engineering: Merging hardware and software, this specialization prepares students for the tech industry. A graduate described their experience developing a microprocessor for a startup, emphasizing the thrill of innovation in a fast-paced environment.
• Environmental Engineering: Students often tackle pressing global issues, such as water resource management. One graduate shared their work on a project that improved water filtration systems in underserved areas, showcasing the societal benefits of their education.
• Industrial Engineering: This field focuses on optimizing processes, with graduates often finding roles in supply chainmanagement. A graduate recounted their experience streamlining operations at a manufacturing plant, leading to significant cost savings.
• Aerospace Engineering: Students in this specialization are drawn to the challenges of aircraft and spacecraft design. A graduate described their involvement in a team project that designed a drone for agricultural monitoring, illustrating the intersection of technology and real-world applications.

Despite the diverse specializations available, it is important to note that engineering programs typically offer fewer opportunities for students to select their own courses compared to their non-engineering peers. This structured approach ensures that students acquire the essential knowledge and skills required in their chosen fields, but it may limit personal exploration within the curriculum. Nonetheless, the focused nature of these programs equips graduates with the expertise needed to tackle unique challenges in their respective industries, ultimately leading to fulfilling careers. For those interested in expanding their skill set, exploring options like a cyber security degree specialization can also be beneficial in today’s technology-driven landscape.

Overall, the engineering specializations in Illinois provide a comprehensive foundation for students, preparing them for successful careers in various sectors.

How do you choose the best Engineering degree program in Illinois?

When selecting an engineering degree program in Illinois, students must consider several critical factors that can shape their educational and professional futures.

• Accreditation: It is essential to choose a program accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). Graduates from ABET-accredited programs are often viewed more favorably by employers, enhancing their competitiveness in a job market where women earn only about 20% of undergraduate degrees in engineering. This statistic underscores the importance of choosing a program that not only meets educational standards but also actively promotes diversity and inclusion.
• Program Offerings: Students should assess whether the school specializes in their desired engineering discipline, such as civil, mechanical, electrical, or computer engineering. For instance, graduates from a prominent university in Illinois noted that the specialized curriculum and faculty expertise in their chosen fields significantly enriched their learning experience, providing them with practical skills and knowledge directly applicable to their careers. This focus on specialization is a hallmark of the best engineering degree programs in Illinois.
• School Environment and Fit: The campus culture and class sizes play a pivotal role in a student's success. Some graduates expressed that smaller institutions fostered closer relationships with professors, which enhanced their learning and mentorship opportunities. Conversely, others thrived in larger universities, appreciating the diverse student body and extensive resources available.
• Job Placement and Alumni Network: Investigating job placement rates and the strength of the alumni network is crucial. Programs with robust industry connections can facilitate internships and job placements. Graduates from a well-regarded engineering program in Illinois shared that their school's strong alumni network provided invaluable mentorship and jobleads, significantly easing their transition into the workforce. This network can be particularly beneficial for those pursuing roles such as a quantitative analyst role, where industry connections can make a significant difference.
• Cost and Financial Aid: The financial aspect cannot be overlooked. Evaluating tuition, fees, and living expenses, alongside available financial aid options, is vital. Some programs offer accelerated pathways, such as 3+2 or 4+2 plans, allowing students to earn multiple degrees efficiently, which can be a financially savvy choice.
• Reputation and Rankings: While rankings can be subjective, they often reflect a program's quality. Graduates frequently referenced how their program's reputation opened doors in their careers, emphasizing the importance of thorough research into various rankings and reviews. Understanding the top engineering schools in Illinois can provide insights into which programs may offer the best opportunities for future success.

By weighing these factors, prospective students can make informed decisions that align with their academic and career aspirations in the engineering field. For those interested in data-related careers, exploring roles such as a quantitative analyst role can also be beneficial as they consider their options.

What career paths are available For Engineering graduates in Illinois?

Graduates of engineering programs in Illinois have access to a multitude of career paths, reflecting the diverse nature of the field and the robust job market. The state is home to numerous prestigious universities, such as the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Northwestern University, which produce highly skilled engineers ready to enter various sectors. This environment creates ample job opportunities for engineering graduates in Illinois, allowing them to explore various specializations.

• Civil Engineering: Graduates often find themselves involved in significant infrastructure projects, contributing to urban development and sustainability initiatives. One graduate recounted their experience working on a major bridge project, emphasizing the satisfaction derived from seeing their designs come to life. The job market for civil engineers is projected to grow by 8% from 2020 to 2030, indicating a steady demand for professionals in this area.
• Mechanical Engineering: This versatile discipline allows graduates to engage in sectors like automotive and aerospace. A graduate shared their journey from designing components for electric vehicles to leading a team in product development, showcasing the potential for career advancement. The mechanical engineering field remains robust, with opportunities for innovation and leadership roles.
• Electrical Engineering: With a focus on telecommunications and renewable energy, electrical engineers are crucial in developing cutting-edge technologies. A graduate described their role in a startup focused on solar energy solutions, highlighting the excitement of working on projects that have a positive environmental impact. The projected job growth of 7% over the next decade underscores the increasing relevance of this specialization.
• Software Engineering: The demand for software engineers is particularly pronounced, with a remarkable 22% growth anticipated from 2020 to 2030. Graduates oftentransition from coding roles to positions in project management or systems architecture, reflecting the dynamic nature of the tech industry. One graduate recounted their rapid ascent from a junior developer to a lead engineer, illustrating the potential for swift career progression. For those interested in this field, there are numerous computer science job listings available that can help guide their career choices.
• Biomedical Engineering: This interdisciplinary field merges engineering with healthcare, with graduates developing innovative medical devices. A graduate shared their experience working on a prosthetic limb project, emphasizing the rewarding nature of contributing to improved patient outcomes. The job market for biomedical engineers is expected to grow by 5%, highlighting the ongoing need for skilled professionals in this area.

The sectors employing the most engineers in Illinois include Fortune 500 companies (21%), technology firms (16%), and manufacturing firms (10%). This diverse employment landscape provides graduates with numerous opportunities for career advancement and specialization, ensuring that they can find fulfilling roles that align with their interests and skills. As the engineering landscape continues to evolve, graduates can explore various paths that suit their aspirations and expertise.