Certified Public Accountant (CPA) Certification for 2025

Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist

As a career-planning expert with over a decade of professional experience, I understand that in today's dynamic business landscape, the role of Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) stands as a cornerstone of financial integrity and strategic decision-making across industries. As guardians of fiscal health and regulatory compliance, CPAs are indispensable assets, ensuring the accuracy of financial records, facilitating prudent tax planning, and offering vital insights for organizational growth. Beyond mere number-crunching, CPAs are trusted advisors who guide businesses through complex financial terrain and help individuals navigate personal wealth management. To help aspiring CPAs, I created this in-depth guide to CPA certification in the United States (US). I discuss the significance of certification, exploring its rigorous standards, career opportunities, and the pivotal role CPAs play in driving success and stability in diverse sectors.

Key things you should know about CPA certification

CPA certification in the US typically requires candidates to hold a bachelor's degree with a major in accounting or a related field, complete 150 credit hours of education, pass the Uniform CPA Examination, and fulfill work experience requirements. Professional experience requirements vary by state but often involve 1 to 2 years of accounting experience.
After earning CPA certification, professionals can pursue diverse career paths, such as public accounting, corporate finance, tax consulting, auditing, forensic accounting, and managerial roles in various industries.
In 2022, accountants and auditors in the US had a median annual wage of $78,000 [US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 2023].

What is CPA certification?
What are the benefits of becoming a CPA?
How long does it take to become a CPA?
What are the education requirements for the CPA exam?
How should I study for the CPA exam?
What career paths are available to CPAs?
What industries hire CPAs?
What are the continuing education requirements for maintaining a CPA license?
The Role Certification Plays in Salary Growth for CPAs
What are the career implications of having an accounting degree?
Does geographic location affect CPA career outcomes?
How do emerging technologies impact CPA career growth?
Can networking and mentorship programs enhance CPA career success?
What alternative finance roles can CPAs explore?
What are the associated costs of becoming a CPA?
Can CPA Certification Open Doors to Global Opportunities?
What should I do if I fail the CPA exam?
Can I pursue multiple accounting certifications simultaneously?
How can CPA candidates balance work, study, and personal life during certification preparation?
What are the affordable education pathways to start your CPA journey?
Is advanced education worth it for CPAs?
Other Things You Should Know about CPA Certification

What is CPA certification?

CPA certification in the US is a prestigious achievement demonstrating expertise in accounting, taxation, and auditing. Aspirants must pass the Uniform CPA Examination to earn this credential. This comprehensive exam covers four main sections:

Auditing and Attestation (AUD)
Business Environment and Concepts (BEC)
Financial Accounting and Reporting (FAR)
Regulation (REG)

Additionally, candidates usually require practical experience under the supervision of a licensed CPA, ranging from 1 to 2 years. CPA certification signifies a commitment to excellence, ethical standards, and ongoing professional development, ensuring that CPAs can navigate the complexities of financial reporting and provide valuable insights in diverse industries.

What are the benefits of becoming a CPA?

Earning CPA certification offers numerous advantages, making it a highly sought-after credential in the accounting profession. I have found that the following are some of its benefits to professionals:

Enhanced Career Opportunities. CPA certification opens doors to a wide range of career paths, including public accounting, corporate finance, tax consulting, and forensic accounting. Employers often prioritize hiring CPAs due to their advanced skills and expertise.
Increased Earning Potential. CPAs typically command higher salaries compared to non-certified accountants. With specialized knowledge and qualifications, CPAs can negotiate competitive compensation packages and enjoy greater financial stability.
Professional Prestige. CPA certification is widely recognized as a mark of professional excellence and integrity. Holding this prestigious credential elevates one's reputation in the accounting community and enhances credibility with clients, colleagues, and employers.
Expanded Knowledge Base. The rigorous education and examination requirements for CPA certification ensure that CPAs possess a deep understanding of accounting principles, financial regulations, and taxation laws. This comprehensive knowledge equips CPAs to provide valuable insights and guidance in complex financial matters.
Global Mobility. CPAs are highly sought-after in the US and across the globe. With reciprocity agreements and recognition of US CPA qualifications in many countries, CPAs enjoy opportunities for global career advancement and mobility.

How long does it take to become a CPA?

Becoming a CPA typically requires a significant investment of time and dedication. The timeline to obtain CPA certification can vary depending on individual circumstances and state requirements. On average, it takes approximately 5 years to become a CPA in the US. Candidates must complete a bachelor's degree in accounting or a related field, such as a business online degree or a business administration online degree, typically taking around 4 years to fulfill undergraduate requirements. Notably, many states require candidates to complete 150 credit hours of education, which may involve pursuing additional coursework or earning a master's degree, adding an extra 1 to 2 years to the timeline.

Moreover, candidates spend several months preparing for the Uniform CPA Examination, which consists of four sections and is administered by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). After passing the CPA exam, candidates must gain practical experience under the supervision of a licensed CPA, usually taking another 1 to 2 years to fulfill state requirements.

What are the education requirements for the CPA exam?

To be eligible to take the Uniform CPA Examination, candidates must meet specific educational requirements. During my research, I have found that these requirements vary slightly among states but generally include the following:

Bachelor's Degree. Candidates must hold a bachelor's degree from an accredited college or university. This degree should be in accounting or a related field such as finance, business administration, or economics. You can also consider earning an accounting distance learning degree for its accessibility and relative affordability.
Minimum Credit Hours. Many states require candidates to complete a minimum number of credit hours, typically 120 to 150. These credit hours ensure that candidates have a solid foundation in accounting principles and related coursework. As an aspiring CPA, you must thoroughly research the process of how to become a CPA in California or your state of residence, or explore your options on the best accounting colleges in New York or your preferred state. This is so that you avoid hitting snags in your journey to a successful career in accounting.
Accounting Courses. Candidates must complete a specified number of accounting courses covering topics like financial accounting, managerial accounting, auditing, and taxation. These courses provide the necessary knowledge and skills to succeed on the CPA exam. You can also explore the best online bookkeeping certificate programs to strengthen your foundation in handling financial records.
Business Courses. In addition to accounting courses, candidates may need to take business-related courses such as business law, economics, finance, and statistics. This broadens candidates' understanding of business concepts relevant to the practice of accounting.
Ethics Course. Some states require candidates to complete an ethics course as part of their educational requirements for CPA licensure. This course emphasizes the importance of ethical behavior and professional conduct in the accounting profession.

How should I study for the CPA exam?

Preparing for the CPA examination requires strategic planning and diligent study habits. The following are three essential tips for aspiring CPAs:

Create a Study Schedule. Develop a structured study plan with specific goals and milestones. Allocate dedicated time each day to review study materials, practice exam questions, and reinforce key concepts.
Utilize Review Materials. Invest in quality review materials, such as CPA review courses, textbooks, and online resources. Choose resources that align with your learning style and provide comprehensive coverage of exam topics. Some resources also provide sample CPA exams that you can take advantage of.
Practice Time Management. Simulate exam conditions by practicing timed exam simulations and multiple-choice questions. Improve efficiency and confidence by honing your ability to manage time effectively during the actual exam.

What career paths are available to CPAs?

CPA certification unlocks a multitude of rewarding career paths across various industries, offering CPAs diverse opportunities for professional growth and specialization. Not to mention, accountants generally have above-average income potential no matter which accounting degree career path they choose. In 2022, accountants and auditors in the US had a median annual wage of $78,000 (US BLS, 2023). In my research, I have found the following possible career paths available to aspiring CPAs:

Public Accounting. CPAs can work in public accounting firms, providing auditing, tax, and consulting services to clients. They may specialize in assurance services, tax planning, or forensic accounting, among others. Professionals with a strong interest in tax may choose the tax lawyer career path, which requires them to finish law school.
Corporate Accounting. CPAs can pursue careers in corporate finance departments, managing financial reporting, budgeting, and strategic planning. They may work as financial analysts, controllers, or chief financial officers (CFOs) in organizations of all sizes.
Government and Nonprofit Accounting. CPAs can work for government agencies or nonprofit organizations, overseeing financial management and compliance. They may perform audits, manage grants and funding, or provide financial guidance to public sector entities.
Forensic Accounting. CPAs with investigative skills can specialize in forensic accounting to uncover financial fraud and provide expert testimony in legal proceedings. They may work for law enforcement agencies, consulting firms, or as independent practitioners.
Management Consulting. CPAs can leverage their financial expertise to provide strategic advice to businesses, assisting with mergers and acquisitions, performance improvement, and risk management. They may work for consulting firms or in internal consulting roles within organizations.

What industries hire CPAs?

CPAs pursue different accounting careers and are highly sought after across various industries for their expertise in accounting, financial management, and regulatory compliance. In fact, there is an estimated job growth of 4.3% for accountants, including CPAs (Data USA, 2024). Three major industries that frequently hire CPAs include the following:

Public Accounting Firms. Leading accounting firms, such as Deloitte, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), Ernst & Young (EY), and KPMG, hire CPAs to provide auditing, tax advisory, and consulting services to clients ranging from multinational corporations to small businesses.
Corporate Sector. Many corporations across diverse sectors, including finance, technology, manufacturing, and healthcare employ CPAs to become financial analysts, controllers, or CFOs, among other roles. For example, companies like Apple, Microsoft, General Electric, and Johnson & Johnson rely on CPAs to manage financial reporting and strategic planning. In 2022, 23% of accountants and auditors in the US were employed in accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services. Meanwhile, 8% worked in finance and insurance (US BLS, 2023).
Government and Nonprofit Organizations. Government agencies at the federal, state, and local levels, as well as nonprofit organizations, hire CPAs to oversee budgeting, financial management, and compliance. Examples include the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the Department of Treasury, the Red Cross, and the United Nations. In 2022, 8% of accountants and auditors in the US worked in government agencies (US BLS, 2023).

The chart below provides a visualization of some of the major industries that employed accountants and auditors in the US in 2022, according to 2023 data from the US BLS.

What are the continuing education requirements for maintaining a CPA license?

CPAs must pursue Continuing Professional Education (CPE) to maintain their certification and continue to provide quality professional services. CPAs must comply with all the applicable CPE requirements, regulations, and rules of state boards of accountancy, membership associations, and professional organizations.

Every year, CPAs must complete 40 hours of CPE, wherein one CPE credit is equivalent to 50 minutes of approved learning (AICPA, n.d.). Credit requirements vary by state, too. Alaska, for instance, requires CPAs to gain 80 hours of continuing education every 2 years. Meanwhile, some states allow CPAs to do a minimum of 20 hours per year. CPAs must also report their CPE credits and maintain evidence of completion for at least 5 years. You may look into the best affordable online schools to help reduce your financial stress and enable you to take CPE courses from any location.

The Role Certification Plays in Salary Growth for CPAs

Certifications play a pivotal role in salary growth for CPAs by enhancing their professional credibility and opening doors to specialized, higher-paying roles. Holding a CPA license demonstrates expertise in complex financial and accounting matters, giving employers confidence in the certification holder's ability to handle critical business functions. In fact, CPAs often enjoy higher salary potential compared to non-certified accountants, as organizations are willing to compensate for the specialized skills and knowledge CPAs bring to the table.

Moreover, additional certifications can further elevate one's earning potential. For instance, pairing a CPA credential with another certification like CMA (Certified Management Accountant) or CISA (Certified Information Systems Auditor) can position professionals for niche roles in management accounting or IT auditing, both of which typically offer competitive salaries. For individuals exploring lucrative certification opportunities, the list of certifications that pay well offers insights into programs that can significantly impact career earnings.

Beyond certification, factors such as geography, industry type, and level of professional experience also contribute to salary variations. However, credentials like CPA remain a consistent indicator of higher earning potential, making them a valuable investment in professional growth.

What are the career implications of having an accounting degree?

CPAs are highly sought after across various industries for their expertise in accounting, financial management, and regulatory compliance. To learn more about the potential career paths and implications of having an accounting degree, consider researching what can you do with an accounting degree to explore the diverse opportunities available in the field.

Does geographic location affect CPA career outcomes?

Geographic location is a key factor influencing both career opportunities and compensation for CPAs. Market demand, regional regulatory differences, and local cost-of-living variations contribute to differences in job prospects and earning potential. For instance, CPAs working in metropolitan financial centers typically command a higher CPA salary compared to those in less populated regions. Understanding these local market dynamics can help candidates tailor their career strategies, maximize networking opportunities, and align their professional development with regional industry requirements.

How do emerging technologies impact CPA career growth?

As the accounting profession evolves, CPAs are increasingly expected to integrate advanced digital tools into traditional financial practices. Expertise in automation, artificial intelligence, and data analytics now opens avenues for strategic decision-making and operational efficiency. By incorporating these tech-driven solutions, professionals can enhance their analytical capabilities and secure roles that offer access to highest paying accounting jobs, ensuring they remain competitive in an ever-changing marketplace.

Can networking and mentorship programs enhance CPA career success?

Establishing strategic relationships through networking and mentorship can provide CPAs with industry insights, career guidance, and access to emerging best practices. Engaging with experienced professionals in accounting forums, professional organizations, and mentorship programs can help mitigate challenges during career transitions and skill development. Furthermore, tapping into these networks may reveal affordable pathways for advanced education—such as exploring the cheapest online master's in accounting—which can further strengthen professional competencies without imposing excessive financial burdens.

What alternative finance roles can CPAs explore?

CPAs can leverage their expertise to transition into specialized finance roles that extend beyond traditional accounting functions. Many professionals find opportunities in risk management, forensic accounting, financial consulting, and strategic advisory roles, where their strong analytical and regulatory skills are highly valued. This diversification can provide a pathway to work in dynamic sectors that demand precision and data-driven decision-making. Additionally, the quantitative skills developed as a CPA are transferable to adjacent fields. For example, professionals interested in exploring additional quantitative risk assessment methods can investigate what are the requirements to become an actuary to further diversify their career portfolio.

What are the associated costs of becoming a CPA?

The CPA certification journey involves a significant financial investment beyond rigorous study and exam preparation. Candidates should consider various cost components such as exam registration fees, study materials, review courses, and state-specific licensing expenses. It is essential to budget these expenses and explore financial support options like scholarships and employer sponsorships. Evaluating the long-term return on investment can provide further perspective on the financial commitment involved in how to become a certified CPA.

Can CPA Certification Open Doors to Global Opportunities?

US CPA certification, while designed for the domestic market, is increasingly recognized by multinational corporations and financial institutions around the world. Many global employers value the rigorous standards of CPA training, particularly in areas such as auditing, taxation, and financial reporting. For professionals aiming to work in international markets or secure roles that involve cross-border financial management, understanding specific international licensing or credentialing requirements is crucial. In addition, aligning your CPA credentials with further academic qualifications—such as an affordable online master's degree in finance—can enhance your standing in competitive global finance environments by demonstrating advanced proficiency in global market dynamics and strategic financial planning.

What should I do if I fail the CPA exam?

Failing the CPA exam can be disheartening, but it's essential for aspiring CPAs to regroup and devise a plan for success. Here are three crucial steps to take if you find yourself in this situation:

Analyze Exam Results. Review your exam score reports to identify areas of weakness and pinpoint topics that require further study. Understand which sections of the exam you struggled with the most to focus your efforts on those areas during your preparation.
Reevaluate Study Strategies. Reflect on your study methods and consider adjusting your approach for the next attempt. Explore different study materials, review courses, or study techniques to find what works best for you.
Stay Persistent and Motivated. Don't let a setback deter you from pursuing your goal of becoming a CPA. Maintain a positive mindset, stay committed to your studies, and use the experience of failure as motivation to succeed in your next attempt.

Can I pursue multiple accounting certifications simultaneously?

Aspiring accountants often wonder if they can pursue multiple accounting certifications simultaneously to enhance their credentials and expand their career opportunities. While it is technically possible to pursue multiple certifications, such as CPA, CMA (Certified Management Accountant), or CIA (Certified Internal Auditor), simultaneously, it requires careful consideration and planning:

Firstly, candidates should assess their capacity to manage the demands of studying for multiple exams concurrently, considering different factors, such as time availability, workload, and personal commitments.
Secondly, candidates should research the overlap between the exam content of different certifications to determine if pursuing multiple certifications aligns with their career goals and areas of interest.
Lastly, while pursuing multiple accounting certifications can demonstrate a commitment to professional development and increase marketability, candidates should weigh the benefits against the challenges and ensure they can effectively balance their studies and other obligations before embarking on this ambitious endeavor.

How can CPA candidates balance work, study, and personal life during certification preparation?

Balancing work, study, and personal commitments while preparing for CPA certification is a challenge many candidates face. Here are some strategies to help manage this demanding period effectively:

Set Clear Goals and Priorities: Define specific study goals, exam timelines, and daily or weekly priorities. Break down your study plan into manageable milestones to stay motivated and avoid burnout.
Create a Structured Study Schedule: Allocate specific blocks of time for studying each day or week, and integrate these study sessions into your routine. Having a structured schedule helps maintain consistency and makes it easier to balance work and other commitments.
Leverage Flexible Study Resources: Use online study tools, mobile apps, or podcasts that allow you to review materials during commutes or breaks. This flexibility enables you to maximize available study time, even in short intervals.
Set Boundaries: Communicate your CPA goals with family, friends, and employers to establish support and set expectations. This allows you to focus during study time while minimizing interruptions.

Balancing CPA preparation with other responsibilities requires effective time management, support systems, and a clear plan to help candidates stay on track without compromising personal well-being.

What are the affordable education pathways to start your CPA journey?

Pursuing a CPA certification can be financially demanding, but there are affordable options to help aspiring CPAs achieve their goals without breaking the bank. With the rise of online education, students now have access to flexible, cost-effective programs that meet CPA educational requirements.

Consider Accredited Online Degrees: Online accounting degrees offer affordability and flexibility, making them an excellent choice for working professionals or those balancing other commitments. Programs like an affordable online accounting degree provide comprehensive coursework in financial accounting, auditing, and taxation, which are essential for CPA exam preparation. These programs are also often more cost-effective than traditional on-campus options.
Take Advantage of Community Colleges: Starting your education at a community college is a smart way to save on tuition costs. Many community colleges offer associate degrees in accounting that cover foundational coursework. Credits earned can often be transferred to a four-year institution to meet the 150-credit hour CPA requirement.
Explore Scholarships and Grants: Many universities and professional organizations offer scholarships and grants for accounting students. Applying for these financial aids can significantly reduce the overall cost of obtaining a degree. Some scholarships are specifically tailored for students pursuing CPA certification, so be sure to research your options.
Employer Tuition Reimbursement Programs: If you’re already employed, check whether your company offers tuition reimbursement for further education. Many employers support their employees’ career development by covering part or all of the costs for degree programs or CPA exam preparation.
Leverage Free and Low-cost Study Resources: While formal education is crucial, supplementing it with free or low-cost resources like CPA review materials, online accounting courses, and open educational resources can help reduce expenses. Many professional organizations, such as AICPA, provide valuable learning tools and exam guides.

By exploring these affordable pathways, aspiring CPAs can pursue their certification without overwhelming financial strain, ensuring a strong foundation for a successful accounting career.

Is advanced education worth it for CPAs?

For CPAs, pursuing advanced education can be a strategic decision to elevate their career, especially for those aiming for senior or specialized roles. While a bachelor's degree and CPA certification are typically sufficient for many accounting positions, is getting a master's in accounting worth it? The answer depends on your career goals and aspirations.

A master's in accounting or an MBA with a concentration in accounting can provide a competitive edge for CPAs looking to move into senior roles like Chief Financial Officer (CFO), tax director, or forensic accounting expert. These advanced programs not only deepen accounting knowledge but also equip professionals with management, leadership, and strategic skills that are crucial for higher-level positions. In fact, a master's degree can enhance a CPA's ability to handle complex financial scenarios and advise top executives on crucial financial decisions.

Moreover, the pursuit of advanced education may accelerate career growth. Many CPAs who go on to earn an MBA or a master's in accounting report increased job satisfaction, higher earning potential, and the opportunity to take on more significant responsibilities within their organizations. For example, the additional qualifications can help CPAs secure roles in mergers and acquisitions, international finance, or executive consulting.

If you're asking "Is getting a master's in accounting worth it", consider your current career trajectory. For some, the additional education can lead to greater career flexibility and earning potential, while for others, it may be a strategic investment for long-term success. To explore whether this educational path aligns with your professional goals, check out our detailed guide on whether is getting a masters in accounting worth it.

Other Things You Should Know about CPA Certification

Is CPA Exam hard?

The CPA Exam is widely regarded as challenging due to its comprehensive coverage of accounting and taxation topics, along with its rigorous testing format. Candidates must dedicate significant time and effort to studying and preparing for each section of the exam.

What is the difference between a CFA and a CPA?

The main difference lies in their focus and scope: CPA certification is tailored towards accounting, auditing, and taxation, while CFA (Chartered Financial Analyst) designation focuses on investment management and financial analysis. CPAs primarily work in accounting and finance, while CFAs specialize in investment-related roles.

Who gets paid more CFA or CPA?

In general, CFAs tend to earn higher salaries than CPAs due to their specialization in investment management and financial analysis. However, salary differences can vary based on different factors, such as experience, industry, and geographic location.

What topics are covered in the CPA exam?

The CPA exam covers four main sections: Auditing and Attestation (AUD), Business Environment and Concepts (BEC), Financial Accounting and Reporting (FAR), and Regulation (REG). These sections assess candidates' knowledge of accounting principles, financial reporting, taxation, auditing, and business law.

What are the key benefits of pursuing a CPA certification?

The key benefits of pursuing a CPA certification are numerous. Firstly, it significantly enhances your career prospects by opening doors to a wide range of job opportunities in accounting, finance, and auditing. Additionally, CPAs typically command higher salaries and enjoy greater job security due to their specialized expertise and professional credibility. The CPA designation also signifies a commitment to ethical standards and ongoing professional development, which is highly valued in the accounting industry. Moreover, holding a CPA license may lead to faster career advancement, increased responsibilities, and the ability to work in diverse industries such as public accounting firms, corporations, government agencies, and nonprofit organizations.

How do CPA certification programs prepare students for the CPA exam?

CPA certification programs prepare students for the CPA exam through a comprehensive curriculum that covers all four sections of the exam: Auditing and Attestation (AUD), Business Environment and Concepts (BEC), Financial Accounting and Reporting (FAR), and Regulation (REG). These programs include in-depth coursework in accounting principles, auditing standards, taxation, business law, and ethics. Many programs also offer dedicated exam preparation courses, practice exams, and study resources tailored to the CPA exam format and content. Additionally, students receive guidance and support from experienced instructors who provide insights into exam strategies and time management. This rigorous preparation ensures that students are well-equipped to tackle the CPA exam and succeed in obtaining their certification.

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